Essays --

Thought to be an oncogene, a gene that has potential in transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most great(p) tumor suppressor gene 1. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As state in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 1. Controlling the controller is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three main checkpoints in cell cycle, the literature states p53 functioning from G1 into S phase in a chaotic cell 2. The normal state of cells is to keep p53 levels low in prepare to prevent uncontrolled apoptosis and random cell cycle arrest from occurring. In a further note, although p53 promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, cancer whitethorn result from p53 unable to recognize the problematic site. In turn, a mutation in p53 ma y result engaging in new activities. These activities include cellular transformation, tumor metastasis,...

city history :: essays research papers

The Roman conglomerate had started at Anatolia. tortuous Empire had lived amid 330 and 1453. The Seljuk Empire had started with having most of Anatolia in the early part of 11th century. The Roman Empire, Byzantine and The Seljuk Empire, all of them have a special military position in history. Also there are some similarities and differences among them in terms of their political and administrative structures, socio economic organization, daily life and regional hierarchy.A-)Roman Empire consisted of kings, magistrates, and senators. The king had a big power. He could accept, reject, or overrule senatotors decions because he was sen as a God of the earth. In Roman cities, councils transformed city states to primeval government officals. So urban councils functions were seperated two parts. These were civil and military authorities because of centralization. Value of political power and situation of city councilmen diminished with the transformation of authority. The consuls wer e non the only kings in Roma. Also Roman Empire gave importance to army. They had very organised army, military and farmer soldiers. The farmer soldiers were given grain and they made it such as porridge and wheat. Because of centralization urban councils in cities of Roman Empire. Central government had to divided to seperate civil and military authority. The Roman Empire, political organization was higly centralized and tribunal structure of the The Roman Empire had an ecclesiastic property so that the emperor was accepted as the representative of God. The church building had a close relationship with the emperor of The Roman Empire because of this belief. Also Christianity became state religion in the beginning period of The Roman Empire. For instace, one of the criterias to be citizen of Roman Empire was belonging to the christian church.The Roman Empire had continued with the Byzantine so major of characteristics of both empires were similar. The Byzantine Empire had city-s atates as a heritage from The Roman Empire. The main changes mingled with The Roman Empire and The Byzantine Empire were establishment of the political center and tendency to growing cetralization and reletive compactness of Byzantines borders that contrasted with the basic pattern of The Roman Empire. In The Byzantine Empire, church had a big importance at the political instution of senate, the court, and bureacracy. Also political organization was very centralized and the major pivotal forces of the centrality was the emperor, thebureacracy, the army and the church in Byzantine.

the meaning of life Essay example -- essays research papers

                    The Meaning of life     What is the heart and soul of life. The meaning of our lives, the purpose, and the dreams both pelt along and realized, and the expectations forced upon us by others. In other words how do you "translate" what life is? "Translation" means to explain in simple terms. What is it vatical to be ab forbidden? There are different answers for different people at different times in their lives. A persons lifetime is filled with self-examination. why am I here? What am I doing? Is this as good as it gets? You have a beginning. Youre in the middle, and your story hasnt ended yet.If one would love the greatest things we have in life, they would not be asking this question. These great things are faith, hope, and love. Faith is the one that drive out keep one from asking questions. If deity wanted us to know something, then we would know it. In most religions, Christian ones in particular, the question of meaning in life is inextricably wrap up up in a relationship with God. Living in, for, with, and through him. Therefore, how one answers the meaning of life question bears directly the existence of God.Soren Kierkegaard said to be the " yield" of existentialism maintains that in that respect are three basic answers to the question of the meaning of life. He called these "stages" of life, because he believed that people "progressed" from one stage to the next. Whether or not that is square(a), there do appear to be at least three fundamental outlooks on life. One is a life devoted to pleasure. This value perspective can be shown by a person whose only concern is for what they are doing now. They would rather gain from pleasures in life without any regards to how they might affect their future.another(prenominal) stage is those choosing ethical and moral paths. People who are honest a nd loyal demonstrate this in their everyday lives. Finally, there is a live religiously. This has been the popular style of life for many of us. It is going to church and practicing your faithStace argues, the present age has begun to weaken faith in God. The concept of a supernatural person has begun to seem unlikely to many people. The Bible no longer seems as respected for many Catholics. While many peopl... ...ve the opportunity to choose either Him or evil, thereby proving our love for Him. If His were the only game in town, then there would not be a free will conscious choice for Him.It is evident that the meaning of life has to far to complex for any one to fully understand or agree on the same answer. All these ideas of these different philosophers are not necessarily inaccurate, just incomplete. All pieces to a puzzle that one has no way of fully figuring out. No one has seemed to accomplish this yet in life. There are so many obstacles that we face as we try to achieve a higher good. Many of these are based in the particular that we are human beings, and because of that are flawed by the ways of our culture. Things such as self-doubt, worry, ignorance, and the values put into our heads since the day we were born all are roadblocks on our way to a higher level. Also being human beings makes vulnerable to the ways of the world around us, so it is not easy to block these things out of our lives. This life is a stage in which we are to develop our minds, bodies, and souls to their highest potential in preparation for the afterlife. Only God could ever really show anyone true meaning.

The Death of a Moth Essay -- Literary Analysis, Virginia Woolf

What started out as an ordinary day turned out to be one if the worst tragedies in the history of Bangladesh the fire at Nimtoli in Dhaka. I sat in shock as I saw the news reports of the tragic accompanying showing numerous buildings on fire burning mercilessly, people running in havoc with no idea where loved ones ar and yet others trap inside the buildings, screaming, being burned alive. However, nothing seemed to have any effect on the ruthless fire which kept on burning, claiming as many lives as it could, turning a deaf ear to the desperate cries of hundreds of people. The blazing flames simply devoured everything in their path, burning them to ash. It finally subsided in the early hours of dawn, but the damage it left-hand(a) behind was monumental piles of debris and dead bodies scattered in buildings which were burned charcoal black. As the police and firemen recovered countless bodies from the ruins, I wondered some the strange nature of life and stopping point.In her essay, The Death of a Moth, Virginia Woolf contemplates how life and death are separated by a single thread of brawn and how eventually the force of death snaps the thread, overpowering life and proving its superior strength (385). Woolf reflects how life and death are two mutually exclusive forces of nature, yet they are intertwined by the law of nature itself. In the essay, Woolf observes a moth, an insignificant creature at his attempts to enjoy his meager opportunities of a particularly vibrant morning bustling with life, aptitude and activity (385). However the moth is soon faced with a force which Woolf deems to be far superior to lifes energy. It is a force which would, had it chosen, have subaqueous an entire city, not merely a city, but masses of hu... .... They are also echoed by humans in an attempt to delay death. However, as Woolf claims, death indeed is the ultimate destination of all living things. It is how we reach that destination that matters the most. All ra tional living creatures diverge ever more widely from their legitimate course of life and to make ever more complicated detours before reaching their final aim of death (Freud 32).Robert Frost in his poem cryptograph Gold Can Stay writesNatures first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold.The fact that life is a hue that we want to hold questions Woolfs supposed claims if death is indeed the stronger force of nature and life the weaker, then why do all living beings choose the weaker force? Perhaps in that respect is a force stronger than the force of life and death, one that governs life and death, and that I believe is the force of nature.

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Essay e

The Vinland procedure 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has eer brought with it lots excitement. The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much debate. One such discovery, the Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957. The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960s the map was bought and donated to Yale University where it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of medieval Africa, Asia, and Europe. What is approximately striking about the map is that it depicts Iceland, Greenland, and a part of North America known as Vinland that was thought to bring forth been unknown before Columbus expedition to America (Skelton 1965, p. & Brown, Clark 200 2, p. 3658). In the 1950s the idea that people had traveled to the bracing World before Christopher Columbus was a new concept. However since then we have found evidence that the Vikings did travel to North America before Columbus. If the Vinland Map is a true 15 th century artifact, it represents the oldest known depiction of the New World to date. There were some aspects of the map that caused confusion. For instance the map has no history of origin (Skelton 1965, p.228). No one knows who the author might have been and there is also no date written on the map. With such a lack of historical information on the map, it is no surprise that a controversy has ensued over the authenticity of the map. Because of this controversy, many experiments have been performed att... ...raphy 1. Skelton, R.A., Marston, T.E., Painter, G.D. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. Yale University Press New Haven and London, 1965.2. McCrone, W.C. Analysis of Medieval Document Tested by bitty Partic le Analysis. Analytical Chemistry. 48 (1976) 677A-679A.3. Donahue, D.J., and J. Olin, and G. Harbottle. Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map. Radiocarbon. 44 (2002) 45-52.4. Higham, Thomas. The Method. Radiocarbon Web-info. .5. Brown, K.L., and R. Clark. Analysis of Pigmentary Materials on the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation by Raman Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry. 74 (2002) 3658-3661.6. Hassel, B. The Vinland Map shows its true colors scientists say its a confirmed forgery. American chemical substance Society. 29 July 2002 .

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery? Essay e

The Vinland Map 15th Century Artifact or twentieth Century Forgery? Throughout biography, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement. The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so pertinacious ago intrigues us. However, along with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957. The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960s the map was bought and donated to Yale University where it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of medieval Africa, Asia, and Europe. What is most striking about the map is that it depicts Iceland, Greenland, and a part of North America cognize as Vinland that was thought to have been unknown before Columbus journey to America (Skelton 1965, p. & Brown, Clark 2002, p. 3658). In the 1950s the idea that people had traveled to the sweet instauration before Christopher Columbus was a new concept. However since then we have found evidence that the Vikings did travel to North America before Columbus. If the Vinland Map is a unbent 15 th century artifact, it represents the oldest known depiction of the New World to date. There were some aspects of the map that caused confusion. For instance the map has no history of origin (Skelton 1965, p.228). No one knows who the author might have been and there is also no date written on the map. With such a deprivation of historical information on the map, it is no surprise that a controversy has ensued over the authenticity of the map. Because of this controversy, many experiments have been performed att... ...raphy 1. Skelton, R.A., Marston, T.E., Painter, G.D. The Vinland Map and the Tartar Relation. Yale University Press New Haven and London, 1965.2. McCrone, W.C. Analysis of Medieval Document Tested by Small Particle Analysis. Analytical Chemistry. 48 (1976) 677A-679A.3. Donahue, D.J., and J. Olin, and G. Harbottle. Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of diploma of the Vinland Map. Radiocarbon. 44 (2002) 45-52.4. Higham, Thomas. The Method. Radiocarbon Web-info. .5. Brown, K.L., and R. Clark. Analysis of Pigmentary Materials on the Vinland Map and Tartar Relation by Raman Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry. 74 (2002) 3658-3661.6. Hassel, B. The Vinland Map shows its true colors scientists say its a confirmed forgery. American Chemical Society. 29 July 2002 .

Kids’ Shoes

Have your childrens feet measured when buying berth, since what might seem comfortable to them for a minute or two in the store is very different from what will be comfortable after a day of playing. Feet should be measured while standing, and always necessitate both feet measured. Since one foot is usually larger than the other, buy shoes to accommodate the larger of the two feet.When your child is wearing the shoes, and their feet are fully broad (watch for toe crunching), there should be a bit of room between the edge of the shoe toe and the edge of your childs toes about a half inch.With the tramp children outgrow shoes, its probably tempting to buy shoes that are too big, but you should never buy shoes that are more(prenominal) than one sizingtoo large for your child. Shoes that are too big can cause a child to trip and develop foot problems while severe to walk in shoes that are too large.Obviously a shoe that has too tight of a heel will cause discomfort, but having s hoes that are too loose is also very problematic. The heel of the shoes should rest snugly but not tightly around your the back of the childs heel.As adults, we a good deal say were breaking in a pair of shoes this is really a bad idea for anyone, but particularly for kids. Shoes need to be immediately comfortable dont allow for a breaking in period or expect shoes to dumbfound more comfortable over fourth dimension they need to fit and feel good now. Childrens shoes should have laces, velcro or some other fastening system. As a general rule, vacate backless or slip-on shoes for kids.Look for shoes made from breathable materials, such such as canvas or leather. In addition to being more durable, they will help to keep the childs foot cooler and dryer, helping to prevent blisters, discomfort, and smelly shoes.While they may look cute, always avoid heels on childrens shoes. Not wholly is it difficult for kids to walk in heels, they are particularly bad for proper foot developm ent. When it comes to childrens shoes, stick with flats and even soles.Look for a pattern or textured sole, as this will provide traction and help prevent your child from easily slipping on slick surfaces.Soles should be sturdy and thick enough to value the feet from pain and injury, but the sole also needs to be flexible too so that it will bend with the foot.Once youve found shoes that fit and are appropriately designed for a childs feet, allow your children some input as to which shoes they prefer. Its bound to make for a better shopping experience if they get to choose a color or design they like from shoes that fit well and are appropriate for growing feet.

Community Health Nursing Essay

The implementation of a program which makes wellness care accessible is a finale of any society. In line with this goal, the establishment of society health nursing was formed. This provided better opportunities for people to acquire the right health care assistance for to each one of their concerns. There were some factors that may be attributed in the formation of a health nursing. These influenced the creation of the program which intended to provide resolutions for problems that have long been encountered. The number 1 source of influence may be justified even before the 19th century Europe.In the past, family members who were sick were just attended by pistillate members of the family and were not able to access full health care from a professional or a specialist (Allender, 2004). One of the great problems which were encountered by societies was the minimal opportunity for ordinary people to go to a medical specialist. Almost always the case, only those who have the econom ic capability were able to avail these types of swear outs. conduce to that the seemingly underdeveloped infrastructures back then.This paved the way for an idea to bring at least satellite health care units in small communities to service the general public. One more attribute which lead to the development of community health care provoke be pointed out to apparitional charities. The monks in Florence, Italy had attached a historical health care service for those who encountered accidents. They even provided first aid solutions for people who needed their help even on a 24 hour basis. As a matter of fact, these religious figures even provided the necessary health care for various pilgrims to some of the considered holy lands based on religious beliefs.During the medieval times, there have also been great developments in community based health run. There was a time when a law supply to the poor of England was passed in 1601. This rule designated the instructions for health spe cialists to render their services to the poor who did not have any means of availing health care. Since the governing field is centralized in the royal institution, it was really easy to disseminate the services to identifiable poor communities in the country.Another historic event took place in France when the Friendly Visitor Volunteers was formed. In 17th century France, there was a great deal in re-establishing the economy. This prompted the organization to render public health services by sending the service directly to the homes of the poor and disabled. The main funding process of the organization was initiated by wealthy women individuals of the society who cared for the welfare of the general public. The community health nursing was definitely a very good approach in caring for the needy and unfortunate.However, by the time the Industrial Revolution come across Europe and America, the group of these community based health units were greatly reduced. This paved the way for what the present health care structure societies have today. Hospitals and health centers were open up even in bigger units and concentrated near urban areas. This was in direct contrast to the former approach of delegating specific health units among communities. level off though the extent of community health nursing is already reduced, newer counterparts in modern society today still has the same principle.Home nursing can be availed today via appointments with doctors and nurses. There are also some programs among todays hospitals which can provide an extended health care service at home based on agreements. Moreover, the establishment of home care nursing centers provides at least a refuge for patients outside of hospitals. The modern day health professionals are partnering directly with individuals who want to improve their communities in promoting optimum health care (Richmond Health, 2001).

Ancestral Influence in Hawthorne’s Writing

Ancestral Influence in Hawthornes Writing Can the sins of ancestors pass tidy sum upon the next generations? Hawthorne believed that it was possible and he expresses his beliefs through his writings. Hawthorne was well aware of his ancestral consequences of wrongdoings and he held the sense of guilt of his ancestor, so many of his writings were gothic, dark, and dealt with evils. Nathaniel Hawthornes historic background of living in Salem and his ancestral connection to Salem Witch Trial influenced him to question the fate of the family carrying the sin of past mistakes in his novel, the bear of the Seven Gables.Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and he is the descending(prenominal) of John Hawthorne, a judge of the Salem Witch mental testing. During the hagfish trials, hysteria and delusions clouded everyones eye and unjust persecutions spread and killed many of the innocents. Judges at the times had the power to persecute the witches, however, the whole inc ident was a horrible delusion (Wright). This ancestral wrongdoing has hunted Hawthorne throughout his lives. Hawthorne lost his father from the yellow fever when he was four and his catch obliged to live with her parents because they were financially troubled.He lived very isolated because his mformer(a) kept herself isolated as well. Hawthorne believed that the depressing circumstances of their family were caused by the curse of victims from Salem Witch Trials (Hawthorne xvi). This belief of Hawthorne clearly is reflected in the characters of the House of the Seven Gables. same to Hawthorne, a Salem family of Pyncheons has believed and suffered from the curse passed down from Matthew Maule, an innocent victim of Colonel Pyncheon. He was accused of witchcraft and was executed due to the unjust claim of Colonel.Before Maules death, he proclaimed, the God impart give him blood to drink, which came true shortly after when Colonel Pyncheon dies in the same manner as described by Maul e. In the futurity generations, the decedents of Pyncheon family that have been living in the house was as if trapped in it, they were bonded with the house surrounded with dark aura. Colonel was a dark, wicked, greedy man and his decedents are follow with the consequences and the evil deeds of their ancestors. Similar to the Salem Witch trials, greed and lies covered the sins of both crimes and it haunted to future generations. Hawthorne xvii). Both stories closely resemble each other because Hawthorne has been greatly influenced from his cultural background and ancestral histories. Both Hawthorne and Pyncheon were the descendent of the Puritan. Because Hawthorne is influenced greatly with the Puritan beliefs, the novel, The House of Seven Gables, is expressed with full of puritan ideals, curses, and sins ( long dozen). Hawthorne, from his view of the witch trials, a worry criticized that Puritans were too self-righteous and lacked of human heart (Hall).The setting for the novel was taken place at Salem, where the House of the Seven Gables exists, and it was also was where Hawthorne was born and raised. Maule also came from the name, Thomas Maule, a criticizer of the witch trials. The House of the Seven Gables too, was actually molded from his cousins, Susannah Ingersoll, house in the Massachusetts. It is also an actual incident that occurred during the witch trial that one of the victims of witch trial, Sarah Good, had told Reverent Noyes, the sinful accuser, that, if he took her life away, God would give him blood to drink Many of the settings and characters were created from Hawthornes surrounding influences and people (Hawthorne xiii xx). Hawthorne uses curses as to symbolism of his past and present, influencing in many of his writings. In the preface, he stated, The wrong-doing of on generation lives into the successive ones, and divesting itself of every temporary advantage, becomes a pure and unwieldy mischief (Chandler 46). He believed that the s ins and evils have passed down from the past and is binding them from happiness.It is said that Hawthorne even changed the spelling of his name, possibly to escape the shameful act of his processors. His novels gives traits of Hawthornes will of retribution and search of the remorse for the past mistakes of his ancestors. In The House of Seven Gables, he exploits that the past sins can be transmitted through generations and that just like the physical traits, and how the cursed family struggles to overcome this problem (Hawthorne xv-xvi). Hawthorne, in his novels, describes themes of the psychological moral struggles people go through in their existence.There was a moment in the nurse where Hawthorne showed the slight hope in concurring the sinful past. It was when a young man called Holgrave tells Pheobe Pyncheon about a story of Maule who intended to control Alice Pyncheon, a pulchritudinous innocent girl, for the sake of his ancestors revenge. Maule hiponized Alice and gained c ontrol of her, but in the end, his action led Alice into death, and Maule greatly regretted his action. As he finish telling the story, the tune they had was similar of what was in the story Holgrave had the power to control Pheobe because she was almost hypnotized situation by his stories.However, despite his longing and awkward relationship with Pyncheons, Holgrave chose the way to bang and care for Pheobe instead of controlling her with his power. This progress, Hawthorne showed that it was possible to break and escape from the bond of the evil doings of their ancestors (Bell). In the end of the novel, Pheobe Pyncheon, a member of Pyncheon family, Holgrave, a descendent of Thomas Maule, falls in love. This was the moment when the curse of the Pyncheon was lifted from all the characters in the book.They got married and it will be a great progress to achieve over then coincidence between Matthew Maule and Alice Pyncheon. From this passage, Hawthorne probably believed that the cu rse of ancestral sins and evils can be cured by the love and forgiving of the people. It is perhaps his trade union with Sophia Peabody and his love for her that led him thinking less of the deception of his ancestor and which led him to write the happy ending for the novel (Hawthorne 263-276). The novel ended with atonement and demoralize of restoring the love that was lacked in the house (Brodhead 70).In the House of the Seven Gables, Nathaniel Hawthorne discusses the influence of ancestral consequences of wrongdoing upon the future generation. Hawthorne felt guilt and responsibility from the sins of his ancestors, and was haunted by them throughout his life. He believed that the sins will pass on through generations and he wrote this novel with this theme in his mind. However, the novel ended with happy ending where people name love that overcomes the hate and evil of the dark historical sins.

Macro Utiliized Within Microsoft

Microsoft Word is a program use in school or line of merchandise to create, edit, print, and you behind also publish documents to the internet or web. What you need is Microsoft Word however it comes in the MS Office package along with other softwargon program like Powering, Excel, etc. It is not going to cause you any additional problems. You will most likely need these other programs in college as well. You are mostly interested in Microsoft Word so let me explain some of the features of Microsoft Word.You will be able to 1. Cutting, Coping and Pasting 2. Formatting text which Is used to adding colors, graphics also font size and type 3. Adding images or object and pictures from your computer or the web 4. Find, search and replace a single articulate or paragraphs within the document with ease 5. Bullets and Borders from with Word or online is available and can be used to decorate the document and any important points you indispensability to make 6. Spelling and Grammar comes at great ease with this software 7. history Protection Is available and you an require a password and also have signature undeniable 8. Also can be used to create letters and mailing envelopes This is among tons of other features that are available to you. If this conversation takes place over the environ I would use my customer service experience (friendly, courteous) to greet customer and start the conversation. I would give my designation and politely ask for the customer name so I can address them by name for the rest of the call. It makes them feels comfortable.I would then thank them person for calling tech purport and asking how can I help them? One challenge would be that the customer has no Idea what I am talking about or no cognition of Microsoft Word at all. In this Instance I would let the customer know they can call back for a tech or me to qualifying them through a training session. I can also telecommunicate a video link to the customer to watch so they can go b ad familiar with the software. I would clarify what the problem Is or any questions described by the customer, and answer accordingly.I do not assume there will be many problem on this call. This call Is an Informational call only and actually the gross revenue rep would have gotten this call not tech support. There Is over again no step-by-step process for this customer so this question does not apply. My alternative or follow up to all calls would be to send an telecommunicate regarding Information discussed In the phone call. However, the customer can always vaults the website and browse through all of the same Information and read It at their avow pace.Also, transfer the trial for the software and give It a try for free and consider comfortable with he software before purchasing It of course. Macro Utilized within Microsoft By Stationmaster 2. Formatting text which is used to adding colors, graphics also font size and type 3. Comes at great ease with this software 7. Docum ent Protection is available and you has no idea what I am talking about or no knowledge of Microsoft Word at all. In this shell I would let the customer know they can call back for a tech or me to walk watch so they can get familiar with the software.I would clarify what the problem is assume there will be many problem on this call. This call is an informational call only and actually the sales rep would have gotten this call not tech support. There is again alternative or follow up to all calls would be to send an email regarding information discussed in the phone call. However, the customer can always visit the website and browse through all of the same information and read it at their own pace. Also, download the trial for the software and give it a try for free and get comfortable with the software before purchasing it of course.

Autobiography – personal writing

My real father died when I was a baby. Only photographs and faint memories help me recall who he was. I suppose I accepted Roy as my father, I suppose I was too young not to accept him but now as I look at his old waxy skin as he lies in his open coffin, I realise that I dont miss him. I havent talked to my mother in old age so Its been age since I needed him. He passed away two days ago from heart failure. My mother is a different story, she was stranded without him, Roy married my mother a year after my father died, Roy was my step-father.The day after the funeral was Monday, I am informed by my pecuniary advisor that my stocks have doubled over the weekend, ordinarily this is good word on a Monday morning but the thought of my mother on her admit in that old dusty flat while I stand in my blush office, annoys me. Any bad news today? I occupy with caution, No, e genuinelything is as good as it can be he replies with a bright smile. I thanked him for cheering me up and he le ave with a nod as if to imply dont mention it.I leant over to turn on the T. V in my office, going to wrick on a Monday with nothing to work on, Three dead in terrifying car crash I dont usually watch T. V in work because I should have something to do or to help with, I own a company called Earth-links its a telecoms company. I left and went home at somewhat half past cristal to cat sleep rather than sit in my office, although it looked like the middle of the night, it was clouded up with pelting.We have interrupted this programming to show a special news bulletin I woke up to see the screen disappear into a solid blue picture then the 6 oclock news studio came on the screen and a small black haired woman appeared and said People in the northern Ireland area are asked to stay indoors unless it is an emergency, the house trailer which was the rain on the window pane drew my attention, I stood up and walked to the window to see distorted houses and street lights below me, it didn t look good and the rain wasnt ending any time soon.The TV blurred on behind me until I turned to focus my attention, severe flooding said the news presenter. Although it expertness have not been the perfect time for me I decided to go talk with my mother, for the first time in years. I havent talked to my mother because we argued over years and so I left when I was 19. I went go finished to the south of Ireland with her and Roy to sort things out, but that didnt work. I am now 32 five years have passed since that. I finish up some microwave pasta and use the elevator to get to the car park, The good thing about a car park is that you dont get wet, not today.My car was parked beside the exit where some rain water had got into and had soaked my toes. I had ignored all the persist warnings and drove out into the street and the street of Belfast, the rain was so loud on the roof of the car I put on some music, it was about half past five and I rarely saw another vehicle. My mother lives in an old persons flat quite inland. On my way by means of the country I saw flooded fields and cars stuck in mud. I arrived in the doorway at six o clock and pressed number 6 and got no answer, the doorway is not very sheltered and I am now soaked from the rain.I press the doorbell again, hello said a voice, hello mum can you open the door its Aaron I said oh hello Aaron, come on in then she replied, her voice was weary and tired, I think she was sleeping. The buzzer went and I rushed out of the rain and into the hallway. There were 2 doors and a set of stairs. My feet now felt like wrinkly prunes from my hard shoes, it had been raining all day now very heavily. I leave the hallway and notice my dark footprints behind me, I walked up the twisted stairway, I cannot see how someone could survive in a place like this, I havent seen anyone its like it is derelict.I get up to the 2nd floor to muster my mother standing at her door, hi mum I said before she noticed me, Aaron, wh y have you come she said, look I safe dont want you feeling real bad about yourself. I want to make things up with you I said abruptly, come internal she said as she turned to go inside. The smell of tea and unclean furniture hit me like a slap to the face, I sat on the couch face at the framed photographs of Roy and my mother, in that respect was one of me, I was at the zoo with my sister and Roy, the clash of plates and cups awoke me from my daydream, sugar? my mother asked, yea, thanks I said. I took a sip of my tea, it soothed my dry throat. mum, I am really sorry for the last 10 or so years, I have been really stupid, I pull in yesterday that I should have enjoyed Roys life while I could instead of ignoring you and him. I think I have just held on to bad things I shouldnt have. Can you forgive me I said waiting for an answer. Aaron, I was being the silly one not you, Roy told me so after that holiday to Ireland, I was down right rude she said as she fiddled with here neckl ace.A good start I thought, we went on chatting about the good times we had together when I was a child, it wasnt until eight o clock I went to leave. I walked back down the stairs smiling at what I had accomplished my right foot was wet, I looked down and saw that the last few steps were covered in water and rising, the rain had flooded into the flats and was just below knee depth. I stood there for a while and decided to get to my car.I ran down with the hallway and out the door, out side wasnt as bad, I ran to my car through the dark rain, I couldnt see much but I got to my car which was parked not to far away but the street was flooded very severely, there was no way I was getting home. I ran back to the flats and the door was still open. I ran to the stairs and walked to the flat again I went inside and explained to my mother its really flooded out there, my mother replied oh dear what shall you do, I then said do you mind if I sleep here my mother said oh not at all well so rt something out.I sat and watched the TV until 11 while my mother went to her fundament quite early, the television was boring but it passed the time. Three days passed, it stopped raining on the 2nd day my mother and I really bonded through the days surviving on what she had in the dusty cupboards. The rain had mostly evaporated after one day and I went to my car. I drove back through the country past soaked and some still very flooded spots. I got home later that day to find everything as I had left it. The only difference was that I felt new and had straightened my life out with my mother. I have realised, I am happy.

Evolution of Internet Essay

In the beginning teaching was limited to briskspapers, magazines, later went on to the radio and past the television. As time passed by the one-dimensional approach of information changed into a multi-dimensional trend setting phenomenon thanks to the profit. The convergence of mediums threw up huge areas of possibilities for data care and readership. So now the prior print journalism had changed to broadcast and then now the current cyber journalism. 5. 1. The Need cyberspace is utilizationd as an alternative for some separate means of technology such as, Need of communication Need for resources Needs for information and Need for selling and marketing products 5. 2. World Wide Web The internet led to the development of the World Wide Web for effective and efficient tool of information sharing and communications. This section explains the evolution. 5. 3. Arrival of the Web A Licklider question in 1962 led to the advent of the ARPANET within the next 10 years. The next f ew years saw the introduction of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which everyowed com trusters to communicate with each other.Later came the 80s, where the internet came formally into being. Hypertext language (Berners-Lee 1989, 1990) later became the language of the internet. The World Wide Web solved m whatsoever of the issues faced and came precedent with a lot of benefits such as online communities, learning opportunities, email, mailing lists, chat, news and newsgroups, sales, marketing, advertising, e-commerce, net telephony, television and many more. It all started of with the network between universities in 1969, process 1980 it catered to the needs of universities.In 1993, a software Mosaic allowed images and text to be displayed on the internet. This led to the beginning of a revolution of the World Wide Web. journalism has drastically changed the face of reporting and information gathering. The World Wide Web gives an opportunity to use technology f or the benefit of the writer as surface as the reader. The need for tools and resources to improve the individuals journalistic ambitions as well as the organization involved (Garrison, 1998).The steps for journalism are clearly explained in (Hausman, 1992). Some clear principles of clear production for web developers (Whittaker) for drug users besides computer professionals are well explained. This gives an idea of what needs to be done and how it has to be done. Nielsen (1999) explains well the design concepts involved both which are page design, content design, site design and intranet design. According to Sundar (2000) the prime bearing of attracting readership to internet and print media is the level of interactivity goes beyond images.Internet is a medium in audio, visual, visual effects and animation, along with non-linear narrative structures (Grusin and Bolter, 1999). Online information is a place for data storage so that information can be accessed as and when required , these have become electronic libraries for storage (Koch). In one of the papers (Augustine and Greene, 2002) it is explained that in the case of a library, the students frequently use the search instead of browsing through the pages in the website. So in cases like this the website importance becomes more concentrated on the search factor.So the web designers will have to improve upon the metadata and search engine features to facilitate the students much better. Verlag (2005) gives a detailed description why people do not lower websites. The reasons may be change entirely loosing a reader is not a good point for journalism. Information is so massive and so varied that if you search for a topic it will throw up a lot of relevant and irrelevant entries. The net is also a source for fraud, spoofs and improper matter. It is important that information is filtered based on the search requirement (CNET). 5.4. Designing the website Websites designed serve different purposes they can be introductory pages, brochures designs for sales and marketing, latest news coverage, online services, business applications and many more. To develop the right website what is required is, A plan for the site. This plan needs to contain the navigation style, the menu structure and other links. Layout of website. This refers to the positioning of the website which consists of images, texts, headers, footers and logo. Content. The information that is going to fill the website.The material such as images, audios and videos, everything needs to be decided. 5. 5. Websites for user-Interaction Most of the websites unattached allow for user interaction,, these websites can be classified as Websites for E-Commerce. Where sales and marketing are promoted through advertisements and online transactions. Website for business purposes. This keeps the users informed about the goings on of business organizations and institutions for BB and B2C transactions. Website with user interaction. Forms that is available online for filling such as feedback, contact forms and so on. Information exchange. Online libraries, digital magazines, news papers, blogs that contain the latest information. 5. 6. Uses of Websites There are a lot of benefits that any industry can get from websites, some of them being Up-to-date information. The easy design makes updating very simple. Branding. A company, scheme, person can be put into the limelight by very good brand managing and websites have become a very strong tool for the purpose. Correspondence. Email, chat, net telephony has made geographical divisions and differences very small, cheap and easy. Online sales and services. Companies are using the internet to increase their sales and marketing. Client/Customer satisfaction. Customer relationship management has reached a new level with the internet making interaction personal and secure. 6. Similar Websites Websites are of different types such as business websites, personal webs ites, governmental websites, private organisation websites and informative websites. These websites provide various themes, such as employment, directory, games, politics and sports.Some websites are studied to analyse what the user is looking for when looking for information. The website results have been amalgamated after the research methods used above. 6. 1. Study of website -1 The website being discussed has an exclusive theme of permit free training in the UK. The website voices opinions against the verdict given by the judgeship system. The website keeps doctors of Indian origin updated about rule and regulations regarding their welfare. The team aims to improve the skill of doctors so that their contribution to NHS and is note worthy.The website also helps in petitioning against injustices and atrocities against doctors. It also guides and supports doctors by way of financial assistance and employment assistance. The website assists in many ways and gives information of th e organisation their objectives, goals and actions. The user can also subscribe for the newsletter that is available via email. The user can also publish their messages on the online message board. High points of the website http//www. bapioaction. moonfruit. com/ Broken Links. There are no broken links. Each page goes to another page. write style. The written style is simple and easy to understand. Content overview. The website aims to be up-to-date, which is good. So anyone who visits the page is assured of the latest information. Low points of the website Design of the website. The design is simple but the formats and fonts are not consistent across the webpage. There is too much wastage of space. The alignment and consistency in the pages is missing. Layout of the website. The website layout is not regular throughout. There are buttons, messages and images all over the place. Navigation.It is not easy to navigate through the website as there are too many links all over th e page. Time interpreted to load. The page takes time to load, it is very slow. Errors. Pages sometimes overload and it is difficult to read as two pages are overlapped. Download. It opens into another page and then into the download option, which is inconvenient. browser compatibility. Mozilla Firefox an Internet Explorer has some problems while opening the pages and displaying contents. User-friendliness. The website is easy to use but not friendly enough as navigation, formats and all the above mentioned problems.

‘Paradise Lost’

Paradise Lost begins and ends with Man, only this is not Man as we know him in daily animateness, nor so as he is usually depicted in literature, but a perfect, pre-lapsarian Man. The primary concern of this epic poem appears to be mans early disobedience2 and the results of that action. However, although Milton uses the word man, it is universally understood that it was not a man, but a woman who disobeyed graven prototype and brought about the downfall of the human race. This woman is eve.Diane Kelsey McColley in her book Miltons Eve asserts that the story of our introductory parents shows woman as flesh, passions, nature, and sexuality seducing man as soul, reason, spiritual virtue and con positioningration from his proper relation to matinee idol.3 The portrayal of Eve as primordial temptress is a long-standing one and can be found not only discursively in literary history but also pictorially in art history, and these traditions are perhaps accountable for the reductiv e opinion of Eve today.Before Paradise Lost, literary accounts of the Fall interpreted the story as male virtue undone by female concupiscence and masculine reason undermined by feminine passion. This unholy for Eve as Adams inferior perhaps originates from the source of the story, the book of Genesis. When divinity fudge discovered that the apple had been eaten, He inquired of Adam whether he had eaten from the tree of knowledge. Unquestionably judge his answer that the blame should be heaped on Eve, for it was she who had given it to him, He then proceeded to accuse her for the disobedienceAnd the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? (Genesis 313) 4This accusation is directed only at Eve, as God assumes Adams view that she is the one to blame. When the Lord comes to dealing with punishment for their actions, it would appear that Adams wrongdoing was in the main in the particular that he listened to and obeyed his wife, as this action is the one God stresses firstly and unnecessarily with the eating of the apple and thus the contravening of His law coming as a secondary citation for punishmentAnd unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten from the tree (Genesis 317) 5It may be surprising that scour by and by the easing of patristic restrictions on womens liberty resulting from the Reformation, Puritan and moderate Anglican writers still continued to echo the reductive view of Eve and consequently women in general. Such a case is John Donne, who draws on the established authority of the Bible and shares such opinions asye wives, be in subjection to your husbands (I pricking 31)ye husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife, as unto the weaker vessel (I Peter 37)6The idea that women are weaker, secondary beings who lack in about way the virtues and the higher intellect of men, is reinforced as an established idea by Aristotles statement that t he female is a deformityof natureperhaps preferably bad than good, and Platos that men are reborn as women if they thrust been cowards or led unrighteous lives.7It is perhaps a result of these ingrained ideas, that painters and poets have rarely captured what Milton dwells on in his epic, the naive pre-lapsarian lives of Adam and Eve, and instead have focused on the come-on and downfall of the first man and woman and its symbols Adam, Eve, the ophidian and the tree. Within these portraits, there can be found many depictions of Eve. She is predominantly wanton in one, and yet frailly dignified in another but in all can be found an emphasis on her fantastic beauty, which is presented as a glorious attribute and yet a cunning ambuscade ultimately the source of the loss of the paradisal garden she embodies.McColley discusses some examples of this iconographic tradition in her book, including Raphaels ceiling fresco, Stanza della Segnatura.8 The tree of knowledge stands between Adam and Eve, literally and symbolically the object that divides them. Encircling this instrument of division is the catalyst of the Fall, the serpent, half(a)-hidden in the shade of the tree. Adam, half-sitting, gazes at the tree with his palm outstretched, mirroring Eves gesture. However, she is standing upright in the dominant position, openly gazing at him with a knowing look full of concupiscence and lure.It is difficult to observe from the print in the book, but McColley states that not only is the serpent half woman it is a shadowed Eve the same half-turned face, straight nose, bowed mouth, and rounded breasts, the same hairwaved back over the left shoulder and hang loose on the right, each grasping a limb of the tree, their heads nearly touching, and each bending on Adam the same provocative gaze.9This image of Eve as the beautiful and debilitating seductress, akin with the serpent, represents the dark and dangerous side of the Fall and of Eve herself. This representation suggests to the viewer, by linking beauty and sexuality with the Fall, that Eves qualities were congenitally corruptive. If this is the case and I do not necessarily believe this to be true then the God who created her and gave her to Adam to be fit help(VIII 450),10 would be, as the fallen Adam claims, baiting a trap. To see Miltons Fall as the central action of the poem in this way, with pre-conceived ideas of sin and blame falling on Eves head, would be to see and stress the darkest and most sinister side of each image and allusion that Milton makes. However, if we regard creation and the regeneration of life after the Fall as just, if not more, important, then we shall see patterns of positive and redeeming features in Eves behaviour and be able to foresee possible redemption and regeneration.The main areas of contention which skirt and shape the ideas both of how Eve is perceived, and her role in the Fall, are her relationship to and separation from Adam, her behaviour dur ing the temptation, and whether she was in a sense fallen before the event itself.Eve, do from a rib of Adam, is traditionally seen as his inferior, not equal, as their sex not equal seemed (IV 296)11 and her servitude justified on the basis that Adam is for God only, she for God in him (IV 299)12. However, although this is echoed in the Bibles bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh,13 it could be said that the direct distinction in these quotations between Adams hierarchical position and that of Eves is only set forth by the narrators voice depicting what Satan saw. To analyse the statement in this way then, is to question the validity of Satans observations and whether his definition of Adam and Eve is to be sure as correct, and to question whether the narrator is in part responsible for reflecting the expectations of his audience.14In pre-lapsarian scenes, Milton shows that Eve has a growing sense of responsibility as her understanding of the opportunities of her life histor y becomes greater. This is evident in her conversational language which combines questioning, reflection, wit and gaietywe in our appointed work employedHave finished happy in our rough-cut helpAnd mutual love, the crown of all our blissand this delicious placeFor us too largeBut thou hast promised from us two a raceTo fill the earth, who shall with us extolThy goodness infinite (IV 726-734) 15Even her choice of love for Adam over the narcissistic self-love she revelled in when first in the Garden, and her faithful toil for the God who created her reveals her virtues as a strong, determined, generous and selfless person, so why not, therefore, worthy of being Adams equal?Although there appears to be an insistence despite some evidence to the contrary on the essential masculine authority of Adam, the reader should not be blinded to the fact that Eve is as necessary to Adams fulfilment as he is to hers. They naturally complement each other and without the other neither would be com pleteFor contemplation he and valour formed,For softness she and sweet attractive grace (IV 297-8)16This complementary nature could even be seen to stretch to a mutual need and habituationI.enjoying theePre-eminent by so a good deal odds, while thouLike consort to thyself canst nowhere find. (IV 445-48)17However, this argument is perhaps most reinforced by the narrators first description of the pair, when Eve is included in all the valued qualities usually solely attributed to AdamTwo of far nobler shape erect and tall,Godlike erect, with ingrained honour cladIn naked majesty seemed lords of all,And worthy seemed, for in their looks divineThe image of their glorious Maker shone,Truth, wisdom, sanctitude severe and pristine (IV 288-293)18This sharing of attributes and the responsibilities inherent to Gods first man and woman are also lucubrated by the clear parallel of Adam having the power to arouse the animals (VIII 350-354) and Eve possessing an equal power to name the flowe rs (XI 277).The first parents, as an equal couple, perfectly incarnate the proper relations and actions of the two sexes19. The idea that pre-lapsarian Adam and Eve had a sexual relationship causes much debate amongst critics. Whether such intimate relations were appropriate for the innocent and perfect pair is debatable, but I believe that pure love such as theirs cannot possibly be inappropriate, and that a lack of sexual love would indicate a flaw in their relationship. God created them to be the mother and father of mankind, to match continued renewal of life on earth, and so it is with His permission that they make loveBe fruitful, multiply, and fill the earth 1 (VII 531) 20Fertility in infernal region is a curse rather than a blessing it produces tormenting monsters that feed on their mothers womb, but communionly, fertility is everywhere in Heaven. The reader can apprehend it in the light, the fountains, the rivers, the flowers, the dances, and the songs.21 Raphael tells Adam that the angels, the intermediaries between Man and God, contain within them every lower faculty (V 410)22 which enables them to enjoy sexual relations themselvesLet it suffice thee that thou knowstUs happy, and without love no happiness.we enjoyand obstacle find noneOf membrane, joint, or limb, exclusive barsEasier than air with air, if Spirits embrace,Total they mix, union of pure with pureDesiring (VIII 620-628) 23This is an example of a purer and loftier union than that of Man, but represents the transcendence of human love between a man and woman, thus rendering it appropriate, natural and credible. When determined in the context of Miltons beliefs and the politics of the times, his conviction that there could be no paradise for man without sexual love seems personal and original. But in doing so, he attacks not only the conventional idea that sexual intercourse was a result, (if not a cause) of the Fall, but also prostitution, the Catholic tradition of clerical celibacy, the swanky tradition of playing with love, and the entire literary tradition of the lyric poet as abject suitor to his disdainful mistress24. He may be do a political point, but I believe such an idea is fitting and vitally symbolic. They enjoy fertility as ripe as that of the luxuriant Garden which provides them with sustenance, and were created to continue the cycle of Life on Earth, as they themselves help to maintain the cycle of Life in Eden.Gods instructions to Adam and Eve to slope the garden are used by Milton to explain Eves temptation when they are separated. This unquestionably gives her a sense of responsibility for the events which take place, but to what extent is a vital source of debate. Adam can be seen to treat Eve as a free being, dissuading her with lucid arguments, rational warnings, and loving tenderness, but he does not constrain her against her willWell hast thou motioned.Yet not so strictly hath our Lord imposedLabourbut if much converse perhapsThee sat iate, to short absence I could yield.But other doubt possesses me, lest harmBefall thee severed from meleave not the faithful sideThat gave thee beingWho guards her, or with her the worst endures. ( IX 229-269) 25A skilled rhetorician, Adam tries to the best of his ability to dissuade her from her decision to divide their labours, but to no avail. Eve, with a determined, the willinger I go26, withdraws from him and continues alone. Perhaps Adams failure to restrain her forcibly is the root cause of the Fall? Ultimately no one can say, but nevertheless I believe this question to be a valid one, if only owing to the last line of the above quotation. The words are make full with poignancy and foreshadowings of the tragedy to come for the knowing reader, and such a line from Milton is surely expected to reflect the ironic seriousness of Adams unknowing promise. Therefore, this clearly should dribble doubt into the readers mind as to whether it was Adam as the too-trusting husband who is to blame for not enforcing Eves expected subjugation to his will, and allowing the possibility of the temptation to actually occur.Eves behaviour during the temptation and the question of whether she was already fallen before the event are often inter-linked and become symptoms of each other. The occurrence of her dream and her reaction to it is also an integral part of this issue.E.M.W. Tillyard in the essay The Crisis of Paradise Lost asserts that Eve has already fallen before the Fall, by referring to her dream, saying..into the mind of angel or man evil may enter, and, if it is repudiated, fail to incriminate. In the abstract the doctrine may be tenable, but it cannot work in concrete literary presentation. No human being can conceive or represent evil entering a mind quite alien to it the mere fact of entrance implies some pre-existing sympathy Eve does by her symptoms imply that it has touched her27One could argue that Tillyards assertion of human beings behaviour is not ap plicable to Eve as both she and Adam are, as I have already stated, not humans as we know them but there is also another line of argument to counter this. It could be said that Milton has built into his poem a sustained distinction between pre- and post-lapsarian nomenclature, and it is this device which aids the reader in distinguishing certain features of Adam and Eves character to illustrate how they have changed from pre-lapsarian innocence into the post-lapsarian, fallen creatures they will become. This also creates an obvious echo between parallel yet contrasting events before and after the Fall.Adam himself describes Eve as crooked by Nature (X 885) 28, implying that Eve was in fact fallen before the eating of the fruit, but this is in the post-lapsarian phase of the poem, and his language has deteriorated from the perfect, pure communication he possessed before the Fall into a dualistic, anti-feminine diatribe. This fact could be seen to reduce the credibility of his words, as he no longer holds the power that is associated with his preliminary Adamic language. One could agree with the fallen Adams assessment of Eve, by citing the many comparisons Milton makes between her and infamous temptresses from classical myth. However, not only do the aforementioned goddesses have innocent aspects as patronesses of natural fertility, (just like Eve in Eden), this reductive portrayal by Milton would commit a terrible blasphemy, contradicting his faith, by blaming God for her sin because he created her innately flawed.What the reader witnesses throughout the temptation is a contest (unconscious on her part) between Eve and Satan for the authority to interpret pre-lapsarian language29. The serpent first stakes a claim upon Eves language through the seeming miracle of being capable of speechhe gladOf her attention gained, with serpent tongueOrganic, or impulse of vocal air,His fraudulent temptation thus began. (IX 528-5531) 30The reference to his communication as organic would infer to the reader that it is natural, and the language of pre-lapsarian Eden. However, although Eve is seduced by this into believing it to be true, the reader alone owing to the description of it as an impulse of vocal air knows it to be false. The reason this is so is because Satan already has the knowledge of good and evil, and is therefore incapable of the untainted speech of Eve. In this way, therefore, I do not believe that Eve can be seen as already fallen, for without a previous acquisition of knowledge Eve could not realise that the words of the serpent were that of an evilly corrupted version of her own.Eves wonder at this evident miracle creates a dangerous moment for Satan, one in which he must exercise special vigilance. However, it is an opportunity she misses, and he turns it into his advantage by attributing his power to the forbid fruit. In the world of Eden, where Adams birthright of the power to name the animals with a pure and natural speech co nveys enormous power, language is knowledge and this is how Satan gains his power.Temptation was not a new idea for Milton. He wrote a Puritan masque, originally entitled A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634, but popularly known as Comus. The theme of the masque is the death of false pagan values when they are opposed by Christian virtues31, and, like Paradise Lost, is concerned with the process of temptation and the power of evil to corrupt innocence. The vital difference between the two, however, is that the central female character, The Lady, does not succumb to the machinations of her would-be tempterCOMUS This will restore all conciselyLADY Twill not restore the truth and honestyThat thou hast banished from thy tongue with lies. (lns 689-692) 32It could be said that the reason for Eve to Fall when The Lady does not is that she was innately flawed, a bait for Adam designed by God, or merely an inferior and weak female. I believe however, that the reason for Eves Fall is to think of redemption and regeneration. Paradise Lost was published in 1667, having been written in a period of great social unrest. The government believed to be Gods government by Milton and his fellow Puritans had collapsed in 1660 with the Restoration of Charles II. This raised moral questions which I believe in part to be responsible for Miltons questioning about the ways of God (I 26)33, and which resulted in the exploration in this poem of a God who does not intervene to stifle evil.The brief image of the labourer returning home after a days work in the fields at the end of Book XII of Paradise Lost is especially effective, a moving evocation of the life and toil and poverty and weariness and also of homely satisfactions all the common experience of humanity which Adam and Eve must now face.34 Eve, though fallen, is in the process of regeneration, and, just like the political climate of Miltons era, can resume development of her pre-lapsarian virtues, though now through pain and woe (I 3).35

Сhapter of autobiography

Now we have reached October 2004. From this date to the present, I am still greatly unnatural roughly what has happened to my family and I. Although October was the month in which my pain and heartache started, two years later on Satur sidereal daytime twenty-fourth June 2006 was the day that many things ended. Equally, it was the day that many other things and experiences begun.Monday 11th October 2004Come on Bex, up you get.Yeah, ok mum, just five more minutes. Please?No. Now With that, I peeled off my covers and furled come out of my bed. I stood up and pulled back my curtains. The sun was glistening and the leaves on the trees were swaying in the morning breeze.Bye, Ill square up you after school. Love youBye mum. Love you too. So, thither I was strolling off towards school for yet another(prenominal) keen-sighted day.BRRRRRING At unyielding last, the end of another exhausting and dragging Monday at school. Lumbered with bags and files, I started my go towards home. When I, eventually reached my house, I recognised Siobhan and Ruth were running round frantically. I asked what their problem was they replied with the words, mommys g atomic number 53. I was so confused I had no idea what they were doing or what they were talking about. Suddenly, it clicked. Mum had been ill for quite a while this instant, which had been extremely odd, as mum hardly ever got ill. If she ever had the flu she would still be up and down, being her busy old self, sponsoring people, caring for people, being at that place for people. When we had all calmed down, we retired to the foregoing room.Siobhan picked up her phone and tried to call Mum, Ruth did the same and phoned soda water, I also called someone, my Uncle John. He had been at home all day looking after mum, due to the fact that she wasnt feeling to good. The three phones rang and rang. No one answered. Not Mum, not Dad and not even John. Yet again, panic had struck in the Heneghan house. Siobhan then notice d my Mums flowery coffee cup, placed upon the table in front of me. She walked over and dunk her finger into the coffee. It was stone cold. The panic in the house was growing by the second. No note, no text, no phone call. Nothing The three of us just sat there, we knew that the save thing any of us could do was wait.That night as Dad returned home, he sat us down and explained where Mum was. outright we all got in the car and drove to Huddersfield Royal Infirmary. We sat tight listening to what we were being told about our critically ill Mum. After having found some active cancerous cells in recent rakehell tests, she had been called into hospital at once. The doctors explained that she had Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and needed an immediate transfer to St. James infirmary in Leeds.Mum remained there for two months, in the Leukaemia unit on ward 68, room 5. Two months seemed like a long time for Mum to be away from home, but the fact that I wouldnt get to see her much, as we l ived a twenty five minute drive away, seemed totally irrelevant. I thought to myself, as long as shes in the best(p) place for her, then thats all that truly military issues. Isnt it?Saturday 25th December 2004Christmas day had arrived. Could I have possibly been more wrong about my earlier prediction? It certainly was one huge issue that Mum hadnt been there for the previous two months. It was unbelievably hard for my Dad, both my sisters and I. With cooking, cleaning, ironing, serve and various other jobs to do, the four of us were finding it an enormous struggle. Being thirteen, I had neer right skilfuly done many of these jobs before and some of which were new to me. I realised how much I had taken my Mum for granted and had relied on her for thirteen years of my life. Now, it was time to grow up.Friday 31st December 2004 sweet Years Eve and also, the day Mum was allowed to return home. Lumbered with bags upon bags of tablets, medicines and dressings, Mum, emotionally, un packed her bags and remained on a strict diet of only certain foods and liquids. Weeks passed and finally, there was a phone call saying that they had found someone whose bone nub matched Mums and that she was now ready to start the transplant process. At this, Mum repacked her things and, once again we kissed her goodbye.Friday 25th February 2004The day of the transplant. Mum was now being treated in the BMTU (Bone Marrow Transplant Unit) back in St. James Hospital and was to remain there until further notice. With long daily regards from her husband and her three girls, Mum made a rather speedy recovery and returned home, again, on Friday 8th April 2005. Although this time, it was for good. Or so we thoughtThe family was told it would be about eighteen months until Mum would be in the all clear. With weekly check-ups, four months had past. Next, the check-ups were every fortnight, eight months had passed. Now, the check-ups were periodical and sixteen months had passed. It was now May 2006. Two more months to go and then Mum would be fully recovered.Thursday 25th May 2006Apparent side effects and symptoms were starting to happen to Mum. These had come from her, now small, dose of tablets and medicines. We were told that these symptoms she was experiencing had never been obvious in any patient before, yet they were casualty to my Mum. They were happening to my family. They were happening to me. Who could I turn to? Where could I go? I couldnt, I had to be strong. I had to be there for my Dad and my sisters but most of all, for my MumWithin the next few weeks of Mum being in intensive care, in the BMTU, things got rapidly worse. Mum started to deteriorate her platelets became lower, as did her blood count, also part of her memory. one and only(a) of the worst things I have ever experienced in my whole life was when I went to visit my mum. She was drugged up with large amounts of morphine and her other medications. This made Mums memory and mind very faint hearted and distant. As I was visiting, I walked into her room. She stared at me blankly, just looked straight through me. She had no idea who I was. I walked over to her, stroked her hair and kissed her on the headroom. She peered up at me.Who are you? she asked me. I burst out into tears and ran out of the room. It was the worst feeling I have ever had. My heart just sink like an anchor on a ship. I couldnt come to terms with the fact that my own Mum didnt know who I was. Eventually, I pulled myself together and managed to go back in to support my Mum and to be there for her every single step of the way.Saturday 17th June 2006The whole family were called. We had been told that Mum would have just a few more hours to live. My heart started to bleed viciously. I felt so sick. It was too hard to value about the fact that these few precious moments could be the last ones I would ever share with my Mum. at one time again, Mum managed to prove the doctors wrong. She hung on in there for yet another week with my dedicated Dad at her bed side, all day and all night.Saturday 24th June 2006Heartbroken and alone, Dad returned home with the evaluate news.She was goneIt was over. Mum was in no more pain. Her suffering had ended. She was fast asleep, resting in the place that was best for her.I was fourteen when it happened and it was now time to start living my life without my Mum. It was right in the shopping center of my school exams. I did them. She never left my mind of course, but with my friends, family and also a huge help from my teachers, I did them. I had to I knew its what she would have wanted.Even now I still hear her sometimes, light me up in a morning. Shouting me down for my tea. Telling me to clean my bedroom. It hurts and I know full well that it always provide, but at the same time, it has made me so much stronger. I could never forget my Mum, no matter how unhappy I may be at times, no matter how much pain and heartache this ordeal has caused m e. I know, deep down, that she will never leave me. She will always be looking down, watching over me and will always stay in my head and in my heart. For eternity she will be a marvellous Mummy, wonderful wife, devoted daughter and strange friend. I miss her so much, words cannot describe. Wherever you are Mum, I love you

Friction and Shoe Slide

Name Brennan Gedney Date November 16, 2011 Graded Assignment Lab shroud Answer the questions, using complete sentences. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due visualise for full credit. (9 points) Score 1. In Part 1, did the force of friction on the raiment seem on the weight of the shoe? If the two are related, why are they? What does the slope of the contrast on the graph of force of friction vs. eight represent? Explain using your data. Answer The frictional force did depend on the weight of the shoe. The more(prenominal) mass a shoe had, the large frictional force was waitd. The more weight a shoe has, the more gravity pulls on the shoe. This means that there is a big normal force, which multiplied by the same coefficient of friction gives a larger frictional force. The slope of the line of friction vs. weight represents the rate at which the frictional force increases due to weight. (8 points) Score 2.Does an athletic shoe wor k better on a basketball court than a dress or leaping shoe? Why or why not? Explain using data from Parts 1 and 2. Answer An athletic shoe does not work better than a dress shoe on a basketball court. Athletic shoes have more grip than dress shoes, and thus require more force to imprint. Based on my data, the dress shoe requires less applied force to move than an athletic shoe. (8 points) Score 3. If you wanted the athletic shoe to mistake faster on a surface, what capability you do to the shoe?Provide at least two ways to make the shoe slide faster, and explain in terms of the force of friction and the coefficient of friction. Answer To make a shoe slide faster, you might decrease the weight of the shoe. This would decrease the normal force, and thus the force of friction, allowing the shoe to slide faster. other way to slide the shoe faster would be to slide it down an inclined plane. This would decrease the coefficient of dormant friction because the angle used in s = t an ? would be smaller. Your Score ___ of 25

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation Essay

From 1781 to 1785 the Articles of confederacy reard the United States with an useful regime. The main goal of the Articles was to allot as much independence as possible to the states compared to the idea of a central g all overnment for fear of conflict with Britain. Despite the many advantages of its systematic rule it did not provide enough power to the Congress in order for them to adequately control commerce, land expansion and get taxes. This was very expected since the Articles of Confederation were a starting point and this article was used to persuade person states to adopt a more powerful form of government in the future.After the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, a loose confederation was formed and granted power to a controlled extent. A house of Congress was besides established which allotted each individual state one vote. Congress dealt with many important issues such as improving the military and anything relevant to homeland security, declaring wa rs and loaning money.One prominent conflict was the incident that Congress does not have the adequate power to regulate commerce and trade between conflicting countries. This presented a significant problem because states started enforcing individual laws of which Congress had no say in. In turn, this rendered Congress incapacitated in making laws regarding to taxation and tariffs. In a sense, the Americans were taking full advantage of the lenient government, often passing laws without consulting the Congress.Many states refused to pay tax to the congress stating that it was preposterous and claiming that they saw many similarities to the policies of the British Parliament. In 1782, outspoken representatives from the Rhode Island assembly wrote a letter stating how it was ludicrous that they were subject to paying taxes to the government (Document A). Under the Articles of Confederation the Federal government had no power to coerce the states into complying with their tax deman d. This was a dire problem since the government needed to tax the individual states to pay for the debts that were amassed during the war. The Articles of Confederation did not have any control over the economy thus creating much conflict within the states.John Jay, in the year of 1786, tried to transact with Spains Minister Diego de Gardoqui because he felt as if it was Americas right to be able to navigate the Mississippi River. This was a difficult feat because not only was America, a newly found nation, going against Spain, a frequent country, but America at that point did not have a strong military to champion their standpoint. The army was growing discontent as the Congress repeatedly failed to pay them.The Articles of Confederation, although flawed, provided a good seat for the newly founded nation. It was used as a basis in the Constitution and we still feel its make today. It provided coverage for many important factors in a nation that is ruled based on consonance be tween people and states, independence granted to states, how bills are passed, land dispersion and many other imperative mood factors. It was apparent that without the Articles of Confederation there would not of been initial agreement amongst the states.Bibliography5 Steps to a 5 AP US History. New York McGraw-Hill, 2004.

Organic Foods Pdf Essay

Abstract During the last decade, consumers trust in f ar persona has decreased drastically, mainly because of growing ecological aw beness and some(prenominal) forage for thought s provokedals (e. g. BSE, dioxins, bacterial contamination). It has been found that intense stately agribusiness can introduce contaminants into the food chain. Consumers shake off started to look for safer and better controlled foods produced in to a greater extent environmentally friendly, authentic and local systems. constitutionalally produced foods be widely believed to satisfy the above demands, leading to bring low environmental meets and higher nutritive values.So far, studies have partly con? rmed this opinion. total crops stop over fewer nitrates, nitrites and fellowicide residues exactly, as a rule, more than(prenominal) dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total abrasions than accomplished crops. thorough crops in like manner contain statisti cally more mineral compounds and usually have better sensory and long storage qualities. However, there are overly some minuss plants cultivated in radical systems generally have 20% get yields than establishedly produced crops.Several important paradoxs need to be addressed in the culmination years environmental, bacterial and fungal contamination of entire crops and, the most essential issue, the impact of constituent(a) food consumption on animate being and homosexual health. 2007 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords extreme plant crops prize yield composition nutrition vitamins phenolics sugars nitrates nitrites pesticides dry matter health sensory qualities.FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF ORGANIC imbed FOOD PRODUCTS in that location are several(prenominal) important circumstanceors in?uencing the tonus of food products that as well as are relevant to organically produced plant products. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the basic factors are the prime(prenomi nal) of the environment (abiotic factors) and the trains of pest and pathogen damage (biotic factors) to which plants are subjected.The main components of the environment (air, water, footing) have to be unpolluted if the crops obtained are expected to be of high nutritive step. Many environmental contaminants enter the food work chain (soilplant physicalhuman organism), causing signi? cant problems in human health.1 These contaminants include heavy metals, pesticide residues, newton compounds, mycotoxins, chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), reminiscent hydrocarbons (e. g. benzoapyrene), plant growth stimulators (e. g. choline chloride), antibiotics, hormones, radioactive isotopes and plastic substances (monomers). Climate and weather are also important factors, as well as soil type and pH, soil cultivation, fertilisation and conditions of crop storage after harvest. ? biotic factors can have also a signi? cant impact on crop quality. The main biotic factors are cultivar choice, ba cterial and fungal contamination (disease) and pest damage.Cultivars of the same crop species can differ signi? cantly in nutritive quality. For example, the circumscribe of ? carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L. ) can vary surrounded by 7. 19 and 13. 84 mg g? 1 depending on the cultivar. 2 The main potential source of bacterial contamination in plant crops is animal manure used in organic farming. Contamination can take congeal via the roots or by water splashing onto the leaf surfaces. The most important organisms are several species of facultative anaerobic bacteria (Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli O157H7, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii), tapeworms, viruses and prions.The results obtained so far are contradictory. virtually studies indicate higher bacterial contamination in organic crops, while others show the opposite. 3 Mycotoxins (produced by fungi) originate mostly in t he ? eld but can also develop during storage. Owing to the fact that fungicides are non used Correspondence to Ewa Rembialkowska, constituent(a) Foodstuffs Division, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer learnings, Warsaw inelegant University, Nowoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776 Warszawa, Poland E-mail ewa rembialkowskasggw. pl (Received 24 October 2006 revised version received 29 January 2007 accepted 8 February 2007).Figure 1. Factors in? uencing the quality of organic food products. in organic agriculture, some authors believe that organically produced foods lead contain higher concentrations of mycotoxins. However, literature fall overs show that mycotoxin concentrations are usually similar or reduced in organic compared with conventional products. 4 The most nonorious mycotoxins are those produced by Fusarium species on cereal crops and maize.One of the reasons for subvert Fusarium infections in organic grains could be the lower nitrogen concentrations in the tissues. 5 I nsect pests also work out an in? uence on crop quality. Because of the throw out on synthetic pesticides in organic agriculture, insects often damage fruits and vegetables, thereby diminishing their yield and harming their appearance. However, it is not pass by whether they also reduce their nutritive quality. In contrast, there is take the stand that organically grown plants contain more phyto chemics (which are natural insecticides) and are therefore more resistant to insect damage.6 They can also play a positive aim in human health, because several phytochemical substances, being plant defence compounds, are connected with possible health bene? ts (Brandt K, verbal presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). Regulations on organic plant labor allow actions that avoid many negative features of crop quality if they are consistently performed by producers. In order to ful? l these demands and to offer highquality products to consumers, an ef? cient and invulnerable cer ti? cation and control system must be implemented.In most countries much(prenominal) systems are quite ef?cient, though a rapid increase in the number of organic farms could lead to problems with a subsequent rest of regulatory control. Therefore the main rule should be trust is good, but control is better. Moreover, the ? nal quality of organic food products is in? uenced by the effective implementation of 2758 the regulations on animal production and organic food processing. Only precise ful? lment of all these regulations can guarantee the best organic food quality (Fig. 1). IMPACT OF REGULATION ON ORGANIC PLANT PRODUCTION The regulations for organic plant production are clear and detailed.7 The European Union (EU) regulation published in 19918 contains parts that relate instanter to the composition of organic plant products. The most important aspects of this regulation include7 a ban on genetic engineering and genetically modi? ed organisms (GMOs) lower nitrogen levels a maximum border for manure application of 170 kg N ha? 1 year? 1 a ban on synthetic pesticides a ban on synthetic mineral fertilisers a ban on growth promoters. Organic farmers must follow the above regulations if they want to pass the inspection purpose every year and receive a certi? cation document.If all requirements are complied with, several qualitative results can be expected. The most important conclusions from scienti? c comparabilitys are given below. CONTAMINANTS Nitrates and nitrites A large touchstone of data shows that the subject of nitrates and nitrites is distinctly higher in conventionally cultivated than in organic crops. This is important, because nitrates can good be converted into nitrites, which can cause a dangerous illness called methaemoglobinaemia in babies, infants and elderly people. 9 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. 1002/jsfa Quality of organic plant products.Moreover, nitrites can react with amines to create nitrosamines, which ar e carcinogenic and mutagenic substances causing cancer of the digestive tract and leukaemia. 10 This process is dangerous not only for young children but also for adults of any age. Based on a large amount of data, the nitrate contentedness of organic and conventional crops has been compared. On average, the nitrate content of organic crops was 49% that of conventional crops. 11 These and other data provide a basis for stating that organic methods lead to an approximately 50% reduction in the intake of nitrates and nitrites by earthly concern.Pesticides Governments place legal limits, known as the Maximum residual Level (MRL), on the level of pesticides that can be present in food. The MRL is usually estimated by interrogation individual pesticides on rats. Governments maintain that consumption of pesticides below the MRL is not a health risk. However, at lower levels, pesticides are known or suspected to cause many diseases and health problems, including cancer. 12 The main pro blem is that the MRL for pesticides is usually estimated by testing individual pesticides on rats for a relatively short period.Virtually vigour is known about the effects of consuming combinations of potentially hundreds of different pesticides over the course of a lifetime. We do not and cannot know explicitly what is causing what, so precaution is the main tool procurable to us (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). The levels of pesticide residues found in organic crops are de? nitely lower than those present in conventional crops (Howard V, oral presentation at QLIF Congress, Newcastle, 2005). It can be expected that eating organic foods will result in lower pesticide levels in human milk and body tissues.There is some evidence con? rming this hypothesis. Researchers in France found that the level of pesticide residues in the milk of breast-feeding women decreased signi? cantly with an increase in the proportionality of organic food in the daily die t (from 25 to 80%). 13 All available results show that the content of pesticide residues is signi? cantly lower in organic crops, which creates safer health conditions for consumers eating organically. Heavy metals Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury and zinc are introduced into the food chain from various sources, including attention, transportation, communal wastes and agriculture.For example, mineral phosphoric fertilisers used in conventional agriculture can introduce cadmium into crops, but the metal industry and transportation also cause cadmium contamination of soils and crops. Therefore there are no clear results in studies comparing the levels of J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) inside 10. 1002/jsfa heavy metals in organic and conventional crops. Some data point to higher levels in conventional crops, while others show the opposite. 11 A problem to be solved is whether organic farming (composting, increasing the organic matter in soil, pH, etc. ) can diminish the intake of heavy metals by cultivated plants.DESIRABLE COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS Vitamins, phenolic compounds and mineral compounds The nutritive value of foods depends mainly on them having the appropriate content of compounds indispensable for proper functioning of the human organism. The content of phyto-compounds in plant foods is a topic of great interest in food attainment nowadays. A growing body of evidence indicates that secondary plant metabolites (phytochemicals) play a critical role in human health and may be nutritionally important. 14 There are 2 main theories explaining the factors in? uencing the levels of compounds in plants.15 The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance theory states that, when nitrogen is easily available, the plant will ? rst make compounds with high nitrogen content, e. g. proteins for growth and nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glucosinolates and non-protein amino acids such as the Allium ? avour precursors. When nitro gen availability is limiting for growth, the metabolism changes more towards carboncontaining compounds, e. g. starch, cellulose and non-nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenoids. The second, newer theory is the growth/ preeminence balance hypothesis (GDBH).15 It states that the plant will incessantly assess the resources available to it and optimise its investment in processes directed towards growth or differentiation. The term differentiation encompasseses increased constitution of defence compounds as well as accelerated maturation and seed development. The C/N balance theory is a special and typical graphic symbol of the GBDH theory, since low nitrogen availability is the most common growth-limiting condition in natural ecosystems. 15 To verify the above theories, several authors investigated the content of some vitamins and phyto-compounds in organically and conventionally produced crops.In order to summarise different data, for each organ icconventional comparison a % difference was calculated (organic ? conventional)/conventional ? 100 The collected data for several in demand(predicate) components are presented in submit 1. The role of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the human organism is basic for several metabolic functions, mainly because it is one of the major cellular direct antioxidants (along with glutathione) and is a 2759 E Rembialkowska Table 1. circumscribe of desirable components in organic crops relative to those in conventional crops Component Vitamin C Phenolic compounds bid Magnesium Phosphorus Mean % difference +28.7 +119. 3 +21. 1 +29. 3 +13. 6 tramp (%) ? 38 to +135. 5 ? 56. 6 to +734. 2 ? 73 to +240 ? 35 to +1206 ? 44 to +240 Number of studies 21 15 16 17 18 production and reduces carbohydrate production. Moreover, the increased protein produced in response to high nitrogen levels contains lower amounts of certain essential amino acids such as lysine and therefore has a lower quality with respe ct to human nutrition. Source Ref. 17 and authors own calculations. cofactor for certain enzymes. Vitamin C also supports detoxication and resistance of the human organism. The higher content of vitamin C in organic crops is bene?cial to health, because vitamin C inhibits the in situ formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, thus diminishing the negative impact of nitrates on the human organism. 10 Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticarcinogenic role. Plant-based phenolic metabolites are particularly interesting because of their potential antioxidant activity and aesculapian properties, including anticarcinogenic activity. 15 According to Benbrook,16 organic farming has elevated antioxidant levels in about 85% of the cases studied to date and, on average, levels are about 30% higher compared with foods grown conventionally.Mineral compounds containing iron, magnesium and phosphorus are fundamental for human health. According to Worthington,17 the higher mineral c ontent in organic crops may be connected with the higher abundance of micro-organisms in organically managed soil. These micro-organisms produce many compounds that help plants to combine with soil minerals and make them more available to plant roots. Unfortunately, there have been only a few studies on other vitamins such as ? -carotene, B1 and B2 and the results are contradictory. Therefore no general conclusions can be gaunt about these compounds.Total sugars A higher total sugar content in plant crops not only improves their taste but is also an important component of their technological quality, e. g. in the case of sugar beet. Studies clearly indicate a higher content of total sugars, mainly sucrose, in organically produced vegetables and fruits such as carrots, sugar beet, red beetroot, potatoes, spinach, Savoy cabbage, cherries, redcurrants and apples. 11,18 Proteins Several studies analysed in review papers11 show that the beat of vulgar protein is lower in organic than in conventional crops but that the quality is better as measurable by essential amino acid content.According to Worthington,17 nitrogen from any kind of fertiliser affects the quantity and quality of protein produced by plants. Provision of a large amount of nitrogen to a plant increases protein 2760 sensational QUALITY OF ORGANIC FOODS Many studies have proved quite unequivocally that vegetables and fruits from organic farms have a better taste and smell. This was found for carrots and potatoes, celery and red beetroot, head cabbage and tomatoes as well as for apples, cherries and redcurrants.11 Organic fruits contained more total sugars, which probably in?uenced the better taste perception by consumers. Better taste and smell have also been found for bread made from organic grain, which also had better crumb elasticity. 6 Interesting studies have been conducted on animal food preference in which animals were given organic or conventional fodder.Most studies have proved a clear a nimal preference for foods produced organically such studies have been conducted on rats, mice, hens and rabbits. 19 Preference for organic fodder was also observed in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both organic and conventional fodder ful?lled all physiological needs of the animals tested. 20 The reason for this was probably the difference in taste between organic and conventional fodder. STORAGE QUALITY OF ORGANIC PLANT CROPS Transpiration losses and tumble processes, as well as changes in nutritive value, normally take place during the storage period of potatoes and other vegetables. However, these changes can proceed at different rates and to differing degrees. Most of the available data indicate that the decay process is slower in organic crops, which therefore show better storage quality after the winter period.A review study based on many sources21 concluded that the storage quality of vegetables and fruits was better in the case of plants grown on organic fa rms (Table 2). The better storage quality of organic crops Table 2. Storage losses of carrots, potatoes and various fruits and vegetables from organic (ORG) and conventional (CONV) farmsa Carrots Potatoes Fruits and vegetables ORG CONV ORG CONV ORG CONV Number of quoted studies Storage loss (% of initial mass) a 15 33 15 40 22 22 22 30 53 28 53 38 Average data based on literature review.21 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa Quality of organic plant products Table 3. Positive nutritive attributes of organic plant products No. 1 2 3 4 5 Attribute Organic crops contain fewer nitrates, nitrites and pesticide residues than conventional crops. There is no clear difference in the content of heavy metals between organic and conventional crops Organic plant products contain, as a rule, more dry matter, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, essential amino acids and total sugars. However, the level of ?-carotene is often higher in conventional plant products Organic plant products contain statistically more iron, magnesium and phosphorus. They also tend to contain more chromium, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, calcium, boron, manganese, copper, potassium, sodium, vanadium and zinc Organic plant products usually have better sensory quality. They have a clearer smell and taste and are sweeter and more gouge because of their higher dry matter content Preference for organic products is typical not only for humans but also for animals such as rats, rabbits and hens.This preference was also observed in cases where, according to chemical analyses, both organic and conventional fodder ful? lled all physiological needs of the animals tested Vegetables and fruits from organic production maintain better quality during winter storage, showing lower mass losses due to transpiration, decay and decomposition processes. A possible reason for this is their higher content of dry matter, minerals, sugars and other bioactive compounds 6 Table 4. Negative and unclear aspects of or ganic plant products No.1 Negative aspect Plants cultivated in organic systems have, as a rule, signi?cantly (on average 20%) lower yields than conventionally produced crops. This increases their price and creates for many consumers a barrier to buying organic foods Unclear aspect Environmental contamination (heavy metals, PCBs, dioxins, aromatic hydrocarbons) can be similar in organic and conventional crops, because the impact of industrial, transport and communal sources is similar on organic and conventional farms located in the same area Bacterial (mainly Salmonella and Campylobacter)Contamination can sometimes be higher in organic produce, but scienti?c evidence of this is still not clear Mycotoxins can contaminate both organic and conventional foods, but scienti? c data are contradictory The impact of organic food consumption on human health and wellbeing remains essentially unbeknown(predicate) in spite of some positive indications, so the subject needs further study 2 3 4 w as probably associated with a higher content of dry matter in their ? esh, resulting in less extensive decay and decomposition. Lower losses in organic production have not only nutritive but also economic bene? ts.In conventional systems, high yields are produced but signi?cant losses during storage reduce the economic bene? ts. CONCLUSIONS Recent food crises (BSE, foot and mouth disease, food contamination by dioxins, toxic fungi, Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria) have caused consumers to look for more authentic and safer foods. Organic food production is widely recognised as being more friendly to the environment, more controlled and better for animal welfare. On the other hand, many data indicate that a lot of food contaminants have their source in conventional methods of agriculture, animal production and food processing.The negative effect of the continuing enthusiastic use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides in agriculture is potentially huge. Therefore safer methods o f agricultural production, mostly organic methods, are very important. Studies conducted in various countries have indicated several positive attributes of organic plant J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa products (Table 3) but also a few negative and unclear aspects (Table 4). To summarise the positives, organic food should be recommended for all, but especially for young babies, pregnant and breast-feeding women, elderly and chronically ill people and vegetarians.The last stem obviously consumes a lot of vegetables, which can contain too high levels of carcinogenic substances when produced conventionally. The lower content of nitrates and higher content of phenolic compounds and vitamin C in organic crops are especially important for health. Nitrates are easily converted in the digestive tract into poisonous nitrites, which are the precursors of carcinogenic nitrosamines. This process is hampered by vitamin C, and carcinogenesis is retarded by phenolic compounds and other dietary phytochemicals present at higher levels in organically produced crops.Therefore organic vegetables can play an important anticarcinogenic role. REFERENCES 1 Rembialkowska E, Organic agriculture and food quality, in Ecological Agriculture and Rural Development in Central and Eastern European Countries, Vol. 44 of NATO Science Series, ed. by Filho WL. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp. 185204 (2004). 2761 E Rembialkowska ? ? 2 Schuphan W, Biochemische Sortenprufung an Gartenmohren ? ? als neuzeitliche Grundlage fur planvolle Zuchtungsarbeit. Z? chter 22543 (1942).U 3 Franz E, van Bruggen AHC and Semenov AM, Risk-analysis of human pathogen spread in the vegetable industry a comparison between organic and conventional production chains, in Bayesian Statistics and Quality Modelling in the AgroFood Production Chain, ed. by van Boekel MAJS, Stein A and van Bruggen AHC. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 8194 (2004). 4 FAO, Food Safety as Affected by Organic Farming (Twentysecond FAO Regional Conference for Europe). Online. (2000). Available www. fao. org/docrep/meeting/x4983. htm. 5 van Bruggen AHC and Termorshuizen AJ, Integrated approaches to root disease management in organic farming systems.Aust Plant Pathol 32141156 (2003). 6 Bjorn G and Fruekilde AM, Cepa onions (Allium cepa L) grown conventionally and organically similarities and differences. Gron Viden 15316 (2003). (in Danish). 7 Hansen B, Alroe HF, Kristensen ES and Wier M, Assessment of food safety in organic farming. DARCOF Working Paper 52 (2002). 8 EU, Council Regulation No. 2092/91 of 24 June 1991 on organic production of agricultural products and indications referring thereto on agricultural products and foodstuffs. OJL 198, 22. 7 P. 1 (1991). ? 9 Szponar L and Kierzkowska E, Azotany i azotyny w srodowisku oraz ich wplyw na zdrowie czlowieka.Post Hig Med Do? w s 44327350 (1990). 10 Mirvish SS, Vitamin C inhibition of N-nitroso compounds formation. Am J Clin Nutr 57598599 (1993). 11 Rembialkow ska E, Wholesomeness and Sensory Quality of Potatoes and Selected Vegetables from the Organic Farms. Fundacja ? Rozwoj SGGW, Warszawa (2000). 12 BMA, The BMA Guide to Pesticides, Chemicals and Health. Report of Science and Education. British Medical Association, London (1992). 13 Aubert C, defilement du lait maternel, une enquete de terre vivante. Quatre Saisons Jardinage 423339 (1987).14 Lundeg? rdh B and M?rtensson A, Organically produced plant a a foods evidence of health bene? ts. Acta Agric Scand B 53315 (2003). 15 Brandt K and Molgaard JP, Organic agriculture does it enhance or reduce the nutritional value of plant foods? J Sci Food Agric 81924931 (2001). 16 Benbrook CM, Elevating Antioxidant Levels in Food through Organic Farming and Food Processing. An Organic Center of Science Review. Organic Center for Education and Promotion (2005). 17 Worthington V, Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. J preference Compl Med 7161173 (2001). 18 Zadoks JC, Development of Farming Systems. Pudoc, Wageningen (1989). 19 Williams CM, Nutritional quality of organic food shades of grey or shades of green? Proc Nutr Soc 611924 (2002). ? 20 Woese K, Lange D, Boess Ch and Bogl KW, A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods results of a review of the relevant literature. J Sci Food Agric 74281293 (1997). 21 Bulling W, Qualit? tsvergleich von biologisch und konventionell a erzeugten Feldfruchten. Regierungsprasidium, Stuttgart (1987). 2762 J Sci Food Agric 8727572762 (2007) DOI 10. 1002/jsfa.