Functionalism, Conflict, and Internationalism Essay

The three theories I plan to discuss are Functionalism, Conflict, and Internationalism with education. The need for these theories is what actually makes the system in education work, with the teachers, parents, school boards and committees the institution of education continues to function. The first theory is Functionalism and is about the study by Lawrence Kohlberg. It has been forty-three years since Lawrence Kohlberg published his doctoral dissertation characterizing six stages of moral development and fourteen years since his death. During this period, much has been written that has discredited stage theory and the overarching use of justice as a â€Å"first principle† of moral development. Yet Kohlberg’s evolving moral theory continues to be used as a theoretical basis for moral development research and to influence teacher education. While some educators have dismissed Kohlberg’s approach as wooden and â€Å"fossilized,† it continues to be central to what teachers know about, and how they think about, moral development. 2] Indeed, one author suggests that â€Å"every psychology textbook published in the last quarter-century touches upon Kohlberg’s work. â€Å"[3] This consistent message, coupled with continued public talk about character development and moral education in schools, makes it likely that Kohlberg’s stage theory continues to influence classroom practice, consciously and unconsciously, across the United States, Henry, (2001). By exposing the structural-functionalist roots of Kohlberg’s theory, this essay raises concerns about the application of Kohlberg’s ideas in the classroom. Fundamentally, Kohlberg focuses on individual development, a universal conception of justice, and universalizability do not translate well to the institutional-level application that he hoped his Just Community Schools would provide. What Kohlberg failed to realize was that a collection of individuals using a Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism in Education universal conception of justice in consistent ways across situations (morally mature individuals by Kohlberg’s standards) did not necessarily create a moral community. In a moral community, the degree to which individuals have grown along a continuum of moral development should not be of greater importance than the ability of community members to work together to detect and solve moral problems. Henry, (2001) Foundational to the Just Community model was Kohlberg’s belief that schools were important locations for the socialization of children into broader society. School was a child’s first formal introduction into society at large. By going to school â€Å"the child learns to fill the expected public roles of a member of his society† (LKA, 21). Part of the power of schooling was the teaching of lessons necessary for successful life outside of school. In particular, Kohlberg stressed that students needed to gain an increased awareness of themselves in categorical terms. [7] In other words, he and his colleagues claimed that students needed to learn the categorical expectations to which they would be held publicly accountable and that school had an important function to play in teaching these lessons: [T]he child has to learn to be one among a crowd of peers in a classroom that is run by a relative impersonal authority figure who gives orders a power to wield praise and blame. What the child learns about how to handle â€Å"the crowds, the praise, and the power† will, from this point of view, give shape to her public morality: her conception of how one ought to act to get along and even prosper in the public domain (LKA, 21). Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism in Education These statements make it clear that Kohlberg saw schools as important locations for gradually imbuing children with the expectations they would meet as adults, Henry, (2001). While Kohlberg was focused on the individual the theory of functionalism doesn’t work. It works as a whole at a much larger level, the macro level, the institution of the schools. These system need function to run and for student to learn. With this in place there would dis-function children would not be able to learn and through the learning they learn how to enter into society and act accordingly in their roles into adulthood. The theory of Conflict in regards to education they are there, but one that comes to mind is the quality of the education that is given to students today. All the students are not looked at the same, if they come from a poor family or a minority family they are not thought of as equal in intelligence as the white middle to higher class of student. According to Conflict Theory, society is: A struggle for dominance among competing social groups (classes, genders, races, religions, etc. ). When conflict theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. In the conflict view, the most powerful members of dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities; this ensures that the powerful continue to monopolize power, privilege, and authority. You should note that most conflict theorists oppose this sort of coercion and favor a more equal social order. Some support a complete socioeconomic revolution to socialism (Marx), while others are more reformist, or perhaps do not see all social inequalities stemming from the capitalist system Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism in Educational (they believe we could solve racial, gender, and class inequality without turning to socialism). However, many conflict theorists focus on capitalism as the source of social inequalities. The primary cause of social problems, according to the conflict perspective, is the exploitation and oppression of subordinate groups by dominants. Conflict theorists generally view oppression and inequality as wrong, whereas Structural-Functionalists may see it as necessary for the smooth running and integration of society. Structural-Functionalism and Conflict Theory therefore have different value orientations but can lead to similar insights about inequality (e. g. , they both believe that stereotypes and discrimination benefit dominant groups, but conflict theorists say this should end and most structural-functionalists believe it makes perfect sense that subordinates should be discriminated against, since it serves positive social ends). Conflict theory sees social change as rapid, continuous, and inevitable as groups seek to replace each other in the social hierarchy, McLeod, (2004). In contrast to Structural-Functionalists, who argue that the most talented individuals occupy the highest positions, conflict theorists argue that dominant groups monopolize positions of power, maintaining power from generation to generation and keeping subordinate groups out. Also in contrast to Structural-Functionalists, who argue that the most important positions in society are the best rewarded, conflict theorists argue that dominant groups get inordinate power to define which positions are socially rewarded. Highly-paid positions are not necessarily most important for society, they argue, but keep power in the hands of the privileged and powerful, McLeod, (2004). If conflict theory really see social change coming than that may mean the educators of this country may be starting to focus on the student and their intelligence instead of their financial status or race. Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism in Education The last theory Interactionism theory views society as the product of individuals’ interaction with each other. Through the process of socialization, people learn values, attitudes, and actions that they deem to be correct. People are exposed to a set of reinforcements to maintain or change those views and actions. Learning theory helps explain why people view others in particular ways, such as who is good and who is bad. Our views may have little to do with objective reality. Learning theory may also explain the process in which people come to engage in behaviors that others find problematic, such as embezzling or prostitution. As Sutherland (1940) notes, people learn the motivations, beliefs, and actions to engage in behaviors that some may find problematic. Labeling theory explores how people socially construct reality. People in positions of power and authority have the ability to label an activity as problematic or acceptable; people in lower social positions are less likely to persuade others to stick with their definition of the situation. This is why elites are able to define a situation that benefits them as good, while others may regard it as troublesome. It also helps explain why people in lower classes are more likely to be perceived as the cause of problems, and why elites escape that definition. The reality of any social situation depends on how people define it. For example, when college students drink alcohol, is it partying, is it normal, is it binge drinking, is it alcohol abuse, are they a social drinker, a problem drinker, do they use it or abuse it? We may wish to determine how we will label the alcohol consumption based on when they drink, with whom they drink, how much they drink, what they drink, and what they do when they are drinking. Is the drinking a personal problem, a campus problem, or a social problem? These distinctions areFunctionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism in Education determined arbitrarily through the process of labeling. Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism Functionalism, Conflict, and Interactionism underlying conditions probably existed for a long time before it was identified as an issue. The disagreement over whether something is a problem, how much of a problem it is, what and who caused it, and how it should be addressed is all a product of social construction created through the process of interaction, Vissing, (2011). I believe that between parents, teachers, students and the communities if they would allow each of themselves to be treated as people, students and human beings the educational process would be easier and more pleasurable experience and a happier and healthier environment. I know that is an impossibility but if were something even a few people would work at it may change the educational field a little bit at a time. To bring these three theories together to have a functional system, bring students in as one instead of the higher class and more social and control the groups of kids and the way they stand against each other there might be a chance to bring our education back on line and educate the students the way they should be educated and ready for the world after high school.

Impact Of Globalization And Gaming Anthropology Essay

Video game franchise has taken the universe by storm. It is design to trip human emotion by fulfilling one demand to kill, venting of defeat and choler. Video gambling is used to de-stress, educate and kill clip. Peoples would pass 100s of dollars in the gambling sector and this has make bet oning the primary platform of amusement and life style.1.2 Impact of globalisation and gamblingThe media has played the primary leader in re-shaping our hereafter by forming images on how things should be. Images shown on advertizement, commercials, the screens of magazine and newspaper prove to hold impact and stir up involvement among consumers. Thus, doing media ingestions as a signifier of manual for Life – A usher to populate your life Here, I am doing a typical connexion between the influences of the video game market, game production gross revenues, game demograph and planetary civilization. The major and taking participants in the gambling industry would be the U.S and Japan. Business competition has stir up due to many other states eager to acquire involve and follow the footfall of both large participants. This shows how of import picture gambling industry has become and how it conquers the centre phase of globalisation. It is predicted to posses a immense growing in approaching old ages. Statistics shows a steady yet gradual growing in the gambling sector from the twelvemonth 2002 – 2007 ( image 1.1 ) , catching other media market such as movie and music. Leading franchise, Mario, created in Japan, has yield over 200 games since original release day of the month back in 1981. Mario has so become the official mascot of Nintendo. With aid from the media, everyone from every corner of the universe will cognize who or what is Mario. It has turned itself planetary by its iconic representation of video game. A side from proficient statistics, market has showed typical tendencies. It is obvious how our male opposite number dominant the gambling market but what is more startling is the growing and impact of misss and adult female demoing involvement to this market over the recent old ages. ( Image 1.2 ) In late November, president of Nintendo America, Reggie Fils-Aime presented several informations points sketching the current gender dislocation of console drama in the U.S. Reggie estimations there are 45 million people playing video games as the primary participants in the U.S. Of those, Nintendo is gauging 26 % are female, or approximately 11.7 million. – Wanda Meloni, Gamasutra Factors such as on-line gambling and Personal computer gambling are the cardinal subscriber, particularly with the being of societal networking site such as Twitter and Facebook, Apart from your ordinary 2D-Planes of your computing machine screen, bet oning console took a spring in supplying both sharing and societal networking into their plans. Sharing films, images, music and gambling has ne'er been a zephyr while making it in the comfort of your ain life room. Such experiences have turn into a lifestyle and morphed itself into a planetary civilization. With tool like the Internet, people from all over the universe are able to pass on, portion and larn other civilizations. That is how the being of game production providing to certain civilization and state originate. It is apparent on the gambling box art. ( Image 1.3 )1.2 IssueDespite these positive activities stir up by the gambling market, there are still jobs that need to be addressed. Base on the research I have undergone, it is apparent how gamers or consumers are non cognizant of the approaching games. Surveies that I have done showed about 80 per centum of gamers surveyed are non cognizant of the latest games that are on gross revenues. ( Image 1.4 ) Ad of the games has proved to be unsuccessful. Alas, most consumers who were surveyed claimed they found out about new games releases through word of oral cavity or the Internet. Website such as Gamespot will demo hebdomadal game releases. ( Image 1.5 )2. Bet oning ExperienceYour bosom is crushing out of control ; your custodies are covered in blood, your eyes gazing directly at him, with your finger on the trigger. This is your concluding base, should you open fire? But he is a human being? Will he kill you? Or is this all a dream? The deafening sound of silence abrupt the surrounding, now its putting to death or be killed. You pull the trigger. He lay before you, dead. Before you know it, he easy fades into the background. He disappears. A typical scenario for every gamer who plays combat war game. The lone difference between world and practical world is the vacillation to kill a individual in a game. Virtual world has set emotions broad apart from world. One is more likely to kill a individual in a game comparison to a existent life event. Why has gambling eradicate every emotion in a individual when it comes to killing another participant? Well, the account is simple. No 1 dies in a game. Virtual world is design in a manner that it will feed off most of our emotions without us worrying what are the effects. Unlike world, bet oning allows participants to deliver back their error by re-starting the game. It fascinates me how game design has the ability to make antic ocular effects ; immersive artworks and beautiful environment that consumed one and allow gamers populate their character through computing machine games. Amazing how this planar bring forthing image Lashkar-e-Taiba users escape world and allow them populate a pseudo character. How or what about this traveling images allow us, gamers, experience this out of organic structure experience? How can something that is non physical enable and go forth a memorable marker of its beings in our head.2.1 Case StudyVirtual Guggenheim Museum designed Asymptote has designed a physical practical universe in a infinite. Challenged to interrupt free from the standard web site layout, Guggenheim requested a practical infinite to congratulate its striking New York Museum. Debut as â€Å" a perfect loanblend of electronic infinite and physical infinite † , Hani Rashid claims â€Å" practical infinites are designed with the same attending to detail as existent physical edifices † . The design inspiration comes from the thought of 3-dimensional spacial travelable infinite on the Internet and real-time synergistic elements located at assorted Guggenheim locations. Guggenheim Virtual Museum will be the first practical edifice of the twenty-first century to to the full demo the dealingss of art, infinite, commercialism and architecture. This practical museum will be an ideal infinite to convey art and experience through synergistic digital medium. Component such as the sound, image and dynamic fluid environment unlike any physical infinite are able to react to the way of the user without impeding its contents. As highlighted in image 2.2 and 2.3, galleries construction are wire-framed to underscore on transparence and opacity. This motion is base on where the viewing audiences move in the infinite Ultimately, designers think spatially and where there ‘s a spacial issue we ‘re the 1s trained historically to calculate out how to do people understand and experience the emotional, physical and artistic side of a infinite – Hani Rashid3. Planing Virtual World to RealityTime and infinite does non be in a game. Distance can non be measured and mass can non be weighed. The physical manifestation exists merely if we perceive it. Virtual world is a warped infinite. Through this, I am inspired to plan a lasting exhibition infinite in relation to the bet oning rhythm of life and decease. It is base on the dynamic motion in a game and sing planar visuals into 3-dimensional. This infinite will turn to the issue that was mentioned before ; Promoting and making consciousness to new game releases to the mass. Base on the definition of Utopia, both life and dead infinites will to the full exemplify the place of cloud nine. Some see decease as a Eden while other sees fear in decease. Imagine walking through a infinite that to the full depicts decease as a signifier of Utopia, a Eden and an unforsaken universe that detach itself from world. Walking through a dark narrow transition with nil but the shimmering star that brightens your manner. A journey cipher has of all time experience. A psychological journey that let users see decease in both euphoric and scaring province, far from tranquility. It is a fleeting journey that makes users of the infinite ponder and reflect upon their ain wellbeing The design attack is divided into three primary journey, world, life and decease. World is design to be grounded to the land in which illustrates how our lives are tie down to our beliefs. Life is depicted to be vibrating in between decease. While decease is describe as the reply to our full inquiry in life and world that were left unreciprocated. Death infinite is design to overview the whole infinite. Designs utilizing three manner planes, the planes are a representation of life, decease and world. It consist of lines overlapping each other, picturing how life, decease and world overlapping each other to organize and make dimensions, deepness, gravitation and volumes. All this planes will unify into one nucleus country that illustrates the gambling rhythm. The different hierarchy of infinites and planes creates a weaving journey that makes users move in and out of infinites.3.1 Life and Death Cycle Through DesignThe journey begins with two entrywaies that were place base on the human traffic waies. ( Image 4.1 ) As you walk through the narrow way of the dimly lighted surrounding, you are greeted by this monolithic, countrified metallic construction that seemed to be vibrating. Struck with wonder, you ca n't assist but to venture into this foreign, alienated infinite that awaits you. As you walk in through the narrow tunnel, you could hear the surrounding of the environment starts to hush down. Suddenly, the pleasant sound of silence hits you, the idea of a broken clock gives birth to tranquility and an flight from world you ‘ve been waiting for. It feels as if you are in a different universe where clip does non be. A long flight of glass stairway awaits you on the other terminal of the tunnel. ( Image 4.2 ) With unstable picking on the stairss, you climb the flight of stepss inquiring where it will take you excessively. The sight of the stairway seems eternal. You ne'er know what it is like to walk on glass. It feels as if you ‘re vibrating on the glass stairway as you see stranger mounting the stairway on the other side of the glass wall. ( Image 4.3 ) You stop mid-way through the journey as you feel the passage of infinite varies from where you were from. The environing becomes vast as you see the exterior environment of the infinite. Travel further up, you be greeted with a dark narrow infinite. You question your surrounding and it eventually struck you that you ‘re in a gambling environment. The metal countrified wall, the visible radiations, the intense bold feeling you get from the dimly lighted infinite that is clothed with pierced metal walls makes you experience as if you ‘re in a combat scientific discipline fiction game. From the perforated wall, you could see the people outside the infinite. Alas, the people from the other side of the wall could non see what is go oning in the infinite. As you bask into the environment and take a new control of your journey, you see another stairway. Wondering where it will travel, you decide to take the opportunity and continue down the stairss. As you place your terms, one pes at a clip, you realised you are detached from the pervious infinite. You are back to world. ( Image 4.5 ) It feels as if you ‘re taking a interruption from an alter world infinite and the determination for you to plunge back into gambling or acquire back to world is left unreciprocated in this infinite you are presently at. As you explore the infinite, you stumble upon another stairway hidden behind this monolithic construction, taking you to the land floor. You decide to continue down the stairway. You are back to world and continue on with your day-to-day life.4. DecisionAssorted positions on impact of globalisation and gambling have been presented. It shows how gaming can alter 1s civilization and behavior but finally, the bet oning experience one indulge in is nil comparison to world. It helps get away world for that spur minute. This Lashkar-e-Taiba one rejuvenate themselves and go on on with life, merely like how bet oning enable us to re-start a game when we failed to finish certain undertaking. This design will assist to make consciousness of the being of gambling and its impact on a physical base. Therefore, helps both gamers and production companies set up a more outstanding relationship with its consumers. It is non the feeling ; it is the experience that counts.

Comparison of two movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of two movies - Essay Example As opposed to this, Medea throwing upon the palace doors dramatically is a symbolic representation of the woman breaking out of captivity to the male and her assumption of dominance. When Alsemero sends De Flores into the closet, his tightly pursed lips and downcast eyes, coupled with the manner in which he bangs on the cupboard with a fist, eloquently speak of his inner tension and anger because De Flores has usurped the place Beatrice’s virginity that was rightfully his to claim. Such inner tension and deep anguish are also revealed through the same means in the clip of Medea, when Jason realizes that Medea has killed his children. When he hears the news about the death of his children, his body sags forward on his knees, his head drops and his clenched fists are raised in agony. The eternal nature of this despair is further enhanced as dark clouds fill the horizon, visually symbolizing Jason’s distress, deepening with the darkening clouds as Medea leaves in the sky. Beatrice is the woman punished for her crime of passion with DeFlores, Medea is the one who punishes Jason for his infidelity with another woman. The rebellion of both women through succumbing to their darker emotions is symbolized through the blood color red, which appears to symbolize the power and violence underlying the intense emotions of lust and jealousy (Bellantoni, 2005). Beatrice’s expression in the closet reflects her inner shame and the pain she is experiencing from the wound De Flores has inflicted on her. Yet, her face is uptilted and her eyes glow as she looks at De Flores and the manner in which she cups his face and looks into his eyes suggests that her hatred may have well turned into love. Her blood stained hand is a reminder of the evil inherent in the passion that has been born out of murder. This lends further credibility to the role of whore who has succumbed to her darker passions. DeFlores’ expression is triumphant and he

International Culture and the Impact on Approaches to Managing People Literature review

International Culture and the Impact on Approaches to Managing People - Literature review Example From the data he gathered, he defined five critical dimensions that are important in understanding the cultural setting of a foreign market. Over the years, advances in research have made Hofstede’s cultural framework questionable. This paper will discuss the five dimensions and offer a critique of each dimension. Proponents of Hofstede’s framework have highlighted that it has a measure of relevance. Notably, that Hofstede’s cultural framework presents some appealing characteristics to some researchers. The fact that the cultural framework emerged when minimal data existed concerning the effect of culture to businesses makes Hofstede’s work outstanding. Moreover, during that time, there were minimal scholarly studies and the fact that Hofstede relied on one to develop his cultural framework made his work appealing (Blodgett, Bakir, & Rose 2008, p. 340). Moreover, he carried out several systematic studies with the same purpose of understanding how different societies held different cultural views. Finally, he combined data from all his studies and developed the dimensions of his cultural framework. One of the underlying factors that contribute to questioning of Hofstede’s framework is the definition of culture. Notably, exists is no specific definition of culture that has received acceptance from different scholars. There are numerous definitions of culture and the relevance of any cultural theory depends on the definition of culture used by the scholar. According to Hofstede, culture denotes â€Å"a collective programming evident in the mind† of individuals, belonging to a certain group, and that makes them different from other groups. Therefore, Hofstede developed his cultural framework based on the definition of culture as mental programming comprising of thoughts and feelings that determined how members of a certain group act. The reason why

Telecommunications companies' risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Telecommunications companies' risks - Essay Example For a small business operating in a localized market, it is very easy to serve the market adequately, due to limited administration and maintenance costs for the networks. As the ventures increase size, and the market spreads geographically, the company should sustain operations in the risky global market by focusing on the cost effective technologies such as virtual private networks. Unprecedented growth is a key challenge that managers need to grapple with because it determines the strategic direction of a firm and as the pressure to remain competitive, they have to offer good services to the end user. There is paradigm shift where important functions such as finance, research and development, marketing and administration, becomes very demanding with growing market and hence the need for innovative strategies. Global strategy should be in line with the overall business strategy of the organization in order to avert risks that may arise. To a telecommunications firm the focus should be geared towards selecting the best strategy, and perhaps going own way is the only sure way to respond to opportunities or threats. As the firm increase market share and get up in the growth curve there is ever-growing demand for reliable services in order to take cultivate of business relationships, and exploit them to full. The firm needs to create their own telecommunication backbone infrastructure to avoid hassle of having to rely on unreliable companies. As for the case of, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp, the number of customers is increasing rapidly. Numbers of catalogue orders is increasing, and hence the need for better distribution systems. The service to the end-users is overwhelmed and the trend is likely to continue. The management is in dilemma as to, search for another contractor to build and maintain the network, or create own infrastructure. The board is categorical that want to reduce costs. The chief information officer has recommended virtual private ne tworks, and that is likely to solve the business needs for the company. Nevertheless, there are challenges and risks accompanying this strategic move. Building own network infrastructure, not only lowers the costs but also increase service delivery. VPN can solve practical business problems by incorporating seamless technologies that allows experts, knowledge workers across various points to collaborate. The system promotes innovative arrangements such as outsourcing and telecommuting across the various branches, and can go a long way in forging linkages with business partners for proper management of the supply chain. As a network provider, Metric Machine Parts and Supplies Corp is likely to operate in a rapidly changing environment mainly due to digital convergence of wireless networks, for example, WIMAX and GSM mobile communications into 4th generation or LTE. The choices of systems for implementation of VPN to office, branches must be well commensurate with existing standards a nd practices. There are many options that the company can use, with numerous technology platforms existing. Each vendor proposed as set of solutions, and it is upon the company to choose what suits their business context. The technology infrastructure choice for data and communications should ensure that applications for the company are usable; these applications may include voice, video conferencing as well as collaboration tools. Executives have to reduce cost and have system flexibility, scalability, and increase productivity of information technology professionals that supervise the deployment. The range of applications of the internet can be of poor quality compared to the internet capability and

Supreme Court Justice Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Justice - Term Paper Example Records of the Supreme Court lists her as the fourth female justice to have served in that capacity and one hundred and twelfth overall judge among all the judges that have served in the supreme court since its establishment (O’Connor, 2004). Kagan was appointed to the position to succeed an outgoing justice Paul Stevens. Sworn in by the leader of the court, Chief justice John Roberts, Kagan officially began her term on the seventh day of August in the year 2010 after confirmation by the Senate. In reference to her earlier academic and legal career, she has served as a legal clerk for justice Thurgood of the American Supreme Court and also for Judge Abner formerly of the United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia circuit in the Year 1987. In the year 1991, she worked as an assistant Professor in the department of Legal studies at the University of Chicago. She graduated to the level of an associate professor of law in the year 1995. Her first publication on law was a n article review on law titled† The first Amendment hate speech†. This article mainly analyzed the consequences of the motive in government regulation of speech. She also reviewed Stephens Carter’s book in relation to judicial confirmation process (O’Connor, 2004). ... She replaced James Buckley in the United States court of appeal district Of Columbia circuit after being nominated by President Clinton to the position (Holzer, 2012). After her stint at the white house, Kagan went back to academic roles once again serving as the dean in the department of law at the University of New Mexico. She is also credited to having transformed Harvard law school from a hostile student environment to student centered environment. At the beginning of President Obama’s regime, he made an announcement that he was going to nominate Kagan to the position of the solicitor general despite the fact that she had no prior records of having argued any case before the court. In the year 2009, the senate confirmed her nomination making her the first woman to hold that position in the history of the United States. In September the same year she made her first ever appearance before the Supreme Court. However, contentions arose in regard to the arguments she advanced i n her capacity as the solicitor general. Cato institute and the first amendment centre disputed her arguments. Her nomination to the Supreme Court was a subject of great interest even before the election of President Obama to office. The media was rife with speculation of her potential nomination if a democrat president carried the day in the elections. This was because of her position as the Solicitor general which was seen to serve as a great leverage (Toobin, 2008). However, this was not to be as Obama had nominated Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court. Following the announcement of Justice Paul Stevens on his intentions to retire, speculations emerged once again on the possibility of Kagan nomination to the Supreme Court. Kagan’s

Technology research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology research paper - Essay Example Some of the reasons include media intrusiveness and little added value that the Picturephone had over the normal telephones. Some articles report that the Picturephone failed to hit the markets positively because it lacked a robust reference point for its take-up. A majority of the successful new technologies have reference points, which are not extreme, for the society to get. Certain new technologies may seem disruptive but with societal reference point, these technologies are likely to be adopted by the society if they provide incremental improvements to the new users instead of comprehensive divergence from the normal life practices (Coburn 33)i. Prior surveys, before the Picturephone was launched, revealed that the market consumers were uncomfortable with the concept of being seen in the process of a telephone conversation. The Bell System defied the customers’ desires and wants proceeding to develop the new technology which was regarded as a solution seeking a problem. The Picturephone did not succeed because it failed to address the problems of the customers in the market, hence, customers did not have a reason to purchase and adopt the equipment (Brown 16). The Picturephones were installed in certain areas, such as Chicago and New York, in the United States in the 1960s and the cost of making telephone calls using these new technology equipment ranged between $16 and $27 for every minute used to make a call. Only 71 patrons had acquired the picturephones within the first half year of their development and marketing. Unfortunately, within a span of six years, the patrons of the Picturephones had declined to zero (Kaigo 3)ii. The use of Picturephones in making telephone calls was considered to be intrusive and crossed the privacy boundary of the users. The Picturephones did not improve the information on the voice but only made little advances on the communication. The flop of the technology

Computer Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer - Coursework Example The digital computer operations are done by logic circuits that are digital circuits. The outputs of such circuits can be regulated by the input conditions. The many processing data within the interior of the computer ought to work in a synchronized way. This is often achieved by regulating them with a steady oscillator that always acts as the oscillator. The CPU is the main storage unit of the computer and sometimes can be referred to as the computer’s memory. Initially, it consisted of vacuum tubes, but later consisted of ferromagnetic cores with doughnut shapes. Data and programs are not always used in the main storage and can always be stored in secondary or auxiliary storage. While punched paper cards have this function, the main materials that are currently in use include flash disks, magnetic tape and flash memories. When compared to the RAM, these are quite cheap. Today, magnetic tape is used mainly for the storage of voluminous data or main backups. In optical and magnetic systems, the norm is similar. The disk drive also has a motor that can spin the optical head. The drives are designed in a number of forms (Knuth, 2003, p.69).  The flash disks have nonvolatile memory, which can be reprogrammed or erased. The central processing Unit (CPU): The circuitry and the motherboard must be powered. The CPU acts as the thinking process or the computer brains just like humans have their brains to process and relay information. The processors usually have a cooling unit that helps in reducing the heat within the computer. The computer usually gives its user all the necessary instructions during operation. The common processors have quad-cores (Knuth, 2003, p.76).  The modern computers have at least two CPUs, which help in the power of processing and to optimize the potential. The power supply: Just like humans need the energy to operate, the computers also need the power to operate. The energy

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) Term Paper

Literature Review about statistical process control (SPC) - Term Paper Example It can be employed in any production unit (which generates material or data as outputs) where the process can thus remain independent from constant supervision. Although there can be variety in products and the required steps necessary for the production process, the SPC analysis remains uniform. SPC is advantageous over other methods of control particularly since it ensures that the production is not affected to any significant degree due to interruptions since it requires no direct inspection. Only "Out of control" process can be covered by SPC. An â€Å"in-control-process† does not always refer to an acceptable and desirable output. This conceptual misunderstanding often results in misleading applications of SPC. If not properly perceived, SPC can lead to loss of production. The Control chart is the fundamental tool for SPC. It is a graphical representation defined by the plot of measured data (at least 15 observations) on the chart. Using control charts the changes in the inherent process from the accumulated data can be identified. This, in turn determines the ‘special’ cause that affects the results. In a control chart the ‘central line’, denoted by a solid line reflects the average of the accumulated data points and passes through the middle of the graph. Control limits are the lines (a specified distance is maintained from the central line) in the control chart which are calculated by using statistical tools and indicate the behavior of the process i.e whether the process is ‘out of control’ or ‘in-control’. There are two type of control limits- (i) the upper control limit (UCL) and (ii) the lower control limit (LCL). UCL and LCL are defined by the following rule: UCL = centre line + 3* SD †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ equ.(1) Recall that a Percentile is given by the division of pointed data in hundred equally divided groups. The nth percentile Pn is defined as- n% of the data points are on or below this

INTB-3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

INTB-3000 - Essay Example It is also seen that rise in employment would significantly improve the spending power the people and thereby help improve the overall economic situation. But while, Keynes’ was emphatic that economic reforms must be accompanied by lower interest rates so that small businessmen an cope with the financial burden with more latitude, Krugman has been conspicuously silent on this issue of the stimulus package. The blue print of economic reforms has profusely claimed that the huge public investment on development of new technology, improved public transport system, healthcare and education would greatly facilitate increase jobs, improve prospects of new business opportunities for entrepreneurs and help the government in reining the falling economy. But the fact that Krugman and government both have not specified the various checks and controls for the disbursement of the stimulus package has become a huge concern for the people at

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay As a response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government established a separate agency within the federal system to prevent future terrorist activities. Hence, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created, along with the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA). The HSA identified and explained the principle, jurisdiction and duties of the Department of Homeland Security. The HSA also reinforced sentences for transgressing national security laws and expanded federal control of local law enforcement agencies. However, critics argued that the HSA instead promoted American global dominance at the expense of civil liberties. For instance, Title II pushed for the establishment of a Directorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, tasked with the creation and maintenance of a database containing public and private information on virtually any individual in the United States. Telephone records, banking transactions, school records, employment history – these can be gathered to piece together a profile that can be used against innocent people suspected as terrorists. In the HAS’ Title V: Emergency Preparedness and Response, there is no specific mandate of federal control over the â€Å"local first responders† – the police, the firemen and the emergency personnel. The provision simply called for â€Å"federal supervision, funding and cooperation. † (Van Bergen, 2002) Although centralization is perfect for emergency preparedness on a sufficiently large scale, it could also lead to the loss of local control and to potential federal militarization. (Van Bergen, 2002) According to the United States Northern Command (USNC), â€Å"Prohibiting direct military involvement in law enforcement is in keeping with long-standing U. S. law and policy limiting the militarys role in domestic affairs. † (Van Bergen, 2002) In addition, the Posse Comitatus Act (18 USC 1385) â€Å"generally prohibits U. S. military personnel from interdicting vehicles, vessels and aircraft; conducting surveillance, searches, pursuit and seizures; or making arrests on behalf of civilian law enforcement authorities. † (Van Bergen, 2002) The four statutory exceptions to this prohibition are the following: counter-drug assistance (10 USC 371-81); Insurrection Act (10 USC 331-34); crimes using nuclear materials (18 USC 831); and chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction (10 USC 382). (Van Bergen, 2002) One of the most serious consequences of the HAS is the Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002 (CIIA). The CIIA offered corporations confidentiality and immunity from civil liability with respect to the â€Å"critical infrastructure information† (CII) that they submitted â€Å"voluntarily† to the DHS. CII may include virtually any information about physical or cyber infrastructure that can be useful to terrorists or other parties that intend to cause damage to the facility. (Steinzor, 2003) No one may use it in any civil action arising under federal or state law without obtaining the written consent of the company. Government officials who will violate the CIIA will face up to a year in prison. The CIIA is very dangerous, as it would immunize corporations and their employees from malfeasance in their operations, from racial discrimination to embezzlement, violations of environmental regulations and negligence that will harm the public physically and or financially. Hence, the CIIA might also end up granting immunity to enterprises that were guilty of negligence in the face of terrorist attacks, allowing them to escape accountability for putting other people’s lives in danger. Terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda might use the CIIA to their advantage, because their operatives assume quiet and unobtrusive Western lifestyles and identities to avoid capture and to successfully carry out missions. But with the misleading nature of the HSA, the question ordinary Americans should be asking is: Who should they be afraid of, the terrorists or their own government? References Van Bergen, Jennifer. (2002, December 2-4). Homeland Security Act: The Rise of the American Police State. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. ratical. org/ratville/CAH/HSA_RoAPS. html. Steinzor, Rena. (2003, March 12). ‘Democracy Dies Behind Closed Doors:’ The Homeland Security Act and Corporate Accountability. PDF File. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. progressiveregulation. org/perspectives/secrecy_white_paper. pdf.

Is The Computer Misuse Act (1990) Appropriate?

Is The Computer Misuse Act (1990) Appropriate? The Computer Misuse Act (1990) and whether it Remains an Appropriate Legislative Instrument David Reid The Computer Misuse Act (UK) 1990 (CMA) [1] was one of the earliest acts aimed at protecting the integrity and security of computer systems. However the rapid development of technology has raised concerns as to whether the act remains effective and appropriate. Section 1: Hacking The Computer Misuse Act was created to aid the prosecution of technological related crimes, commonly known as hacking. The most prominent case was R v Gold and Schifreen[2], where Robert Schifreen and Stephen Gold accessed British Telecoms Viewdata service by shoulder surfing[3] an engineers username and password. The credentials were very simple; this brought about concerns as to the integrity and security of computer system access. The pair were prosecuted under the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981[4], and received a relatively small penalty fined  £750 and  £600 respectively. This case threw into light the lack of legislature regarding crimes of this manner, and so the CMA was created. Hacking is defined in Section 1 of the CMA as, unauthorised access to any programme or data held in any computer[5]. This definition is moulded such that external hackers like Schifreen and Gold can be prosecuted easily. However it has not been as simple in other cases such as Ellis v DPP (No 1)[6]. In this case an ex-student was using other student accounts that had been left logged in in order to access computers in the campus library. It was argued whether it could be deemed unauthorised under section 1. Lord Woolf CJ however said that the access was still unauthorised and that statutory provisions were sufficiently wide to include use of the computers; Ellis was prosecuted under section 1 of the CMA. The question what is unauthorised access? has been a cause of concern for many cases under section 1. The key early case was DPP v Bignell [1998] Div. Ct.[7] in which married police officers accessed the police database in order to find the car of an ex-lover. Accessing the database was not unauthorised, but their use of it was and they were found to be guilty. Other cases that contributed confusion were, R v Bow Street Magistrate and Allison, ex parte US Govt [1999] HL[8], R v Ashley Mitchell 2011[9] and   R v Cuthbert 2005 Mag Ct[10]. The media and other critics applied a lot of pressure for change. The government accepted the All Party Internet Groups recommendations and section 1 became triable in either way, which was an amendment from section 35 of the Police and Justice Act (PJA) 2006[11]. A person guilty of the offence in section 1 can be sentenced to imprisonment of a term not exceeding 12 months or upon indictment, imprisonment to a term not exceeding 2 years. There is debate for increasing the sentencing tariff to 3 years so that it can be considered a serious crime and thereby have a deterrent effect. However the current tariff allows both significant sentencing power and the ability to prosecute for mere attempts at the offence[12]. In addition to the prosecuting powers of section 1, section 3a states that Making, supplying or obtaining articles for use in computer misuse offences, punishable by up to 2 years in prison or a fine or both[13]. This has caused concern in the technology community as to how the distinction will be made between lawful and unlawful use of the software. Despite having flaws, it is likely that this shall be an effective deterrent from both section 1 and section 3 offenders and is a step in the protection of our computers. Section 3: M ­odifying Computers and Denial of Service Attacks (DoS) Section 3 of the CMA was originally designed to prohibit the creation and distribution of viruses under the idea that they cause unauthorised modification[14]. Four years after the creation of the CMA, the internet sparked a change from isolated computer systems, into a worldwide network in which all computers could communicate. This caused a revolution in computer misuse and new vulnerabilities to computer security. These developments are cited as the main reasons for developing legislation in a technologically neutral manner, so as not to require regular updating. Proof that this was needed was in the R v Lennon[15] case; Lennon was accused of sending 5 million e-mails to his former employer causing a DoS attack. This is known as mail-bombing and causes the server to overflow preventing access to the network. However this attack could not be addressed under section 3 as the receiving system was designed to handle such e-mail messages and therefore could be viewed as authorised. The decision was reversed upon appeal, however it confirmed that authorisation remained unclear. Another question that has arisen in regards to section 3, is how modification is viewed regarding DoS attacks. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks involve the installation of software on computers in order to take control of them. It is uncertain whether this could be viewed as unauthorised modification. Therefore, under section 36 of the 2006 Police and Justice act unauthorised modification was amended to unauthorised impairment. This removes the idea that only erasing or modification of computer systems are liable, and criminalises DoS attacks. However, by looking at the difference between reported cybercrime incidents and the number of prosecutions each year, you can see that there are a large number of cases that seem to be slipping through the justice system. It can be assumed that this is due to the rapidly changing internet a technologically neutral approach in legislation, as adopted in section 3, has been unable to predict new and innovative attacks. It seems that the CMA has been more effective in dealing with computer focused attacks than attacks upon computer network systems. Section 4: Jurisdiction Section 4 of the CMA states that (1) Except as provided below in this section, it is immaterial for the purposes of any offence under section 1 or 3 above- (a) whether any act or other event proof of which is required for conviction of the offence occurred in the home country concerned; or (b) whether the accused was in the home country concerned at the time of any such act or event.[16] This is a very wide scope, however with the advances in technology, it can be avoided. For example, by hosting a website such as StormFront, a white supremacist page on a server in America, it cannot be taken down due to their right of free speech. However while the creator remains in the UK, he can be prosecuted. Conclusion [1] Computer Misuse Act 1990 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/18/contents [2] R v Gold and Schifreen 1988 http://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-gold-and-schifreen-hl-21-apr-1988/ [3] Shoulder surfing definition of shoulder surfing in (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2016, from https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/shoulder_surfing [4] Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/45 [5] Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.1 (CMA). [6] Ellis v DPP (No 1) 2001 http://lexisweb.co.uk/cases/2001/may/ellis-v-director-of-public-prosecutions [7] DPP v Bignell http://swarb.co.uk/director-of-public-prosecutions-v-bignell-and-another-qbd-6-jun-1997/ [8] R v Bow Street Magistrate and Allison, ex parte US Govt [1999] HL http://swarb.co.uk/regina-v-bow-street-magistrates-ex-parte-government-of-the-united-states-of-america-in-re-allison-hl-2-sep-1999/ [9] R v Ashley Mitchell 2011 https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/uksc-2015-0122.html [10] R v Cuthbert 2005 Mag Ct http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4317008.stm [11] The House of Commons, Computer Misuse Act (Amendment) Bill (5th April 2005) http://www.derekwyattexmp.co.uk/upload/docs/CMAdft1.pdf [12] All Party Internet Group, Revision of the Computer Misuse Act (June 2004) [13] Police and justice act 2006 [14] David S. Wall, Cybercrime: The Transformation of Cybercrime in the Information Age (Polity Press 2007). [15] R v Lennon, unreported, November 2, 2005, Wimbledon Magistratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ Court (on). [16] Computer Misuse Act 1990, s.4 (CMA). Literature Review: Feminism and Media Literature Review: Feminism and Media Dickinson, Sonia, and Donna Gill. â€Å"Are Women Offended by the Way they are Portrayed in Advertising?†. International Journal of Advertising 28.1(2009): 175-178. Women’s Studies International. Web. 6 Feb. 2015. â€Å"Are Women offended by the Way they are portrayed in Advertising?† Sonia Dickinson and Donna Gill attempt to answer this question. Their article, which is aimed at women around 35 years and older, displays their finding about how women respond differently to advertisements in that the responses are not always, for all women, negative. The argument is broken down into a three-point explanation that builds upon itself as it develops. The third part adheres to the opposition’s point of view on how women overreact to advertisements that are in no way objective or harmful. The breaking down of the argument allows the audience to understand not only the argument itself, but the inclusion of the authors’ multiple personal statements and realizations during the development of their argument as well as their responses to the results.[2] Throughout the article there are various representative sections that contain the personal opinions of Sonia and Donna[3]. The realizations and responses mentioned above draw the audience into the article and in crease their acceptance of the argument being made. They also admit that the question posed does prompt the readers to give a confirmatory answer, and thus solidifies the authors’ presentation of nugatory respons[4]e. In comparison to my topic, the source will allow me to, when I reference the opposing side, generate scholarly support. However, when I do have to discredit the opposing side, this discretization will be seen as all the more intelligent because of the use of a scholarly article. Back, Debora Baker. â€Å"The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism.† NWSA Journal 10.1 (1998): 139. Women’s Studies International. Web. 6 Feb. 2015. â€Å"The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism† Debora[5] intends to discuss the relationship between the media and feminism that resulted from the media’s negative presentation of the all feminists and the entire feminist movement, it’s effect of framing on society’s acceptance or rejection of the cause and those instilled in support of the movement, and finally feminism and its pursuits and response to the media. Based on the length, diction, and complexity of the article, the article is meant to be read by those who are currently completing or have completed a mastery of an upper high school reading level. Debora presents examples of feminism with either an underlying negative tone or an obvious negative view (of the media) and accompanies it with the popular or public’s view of feminism and feminists. Finally, she supports this with the media’s creation, influence or support of the negative view of the public towards feminists’ and feminism’s advancements in their portrayal of w omen and the advance of women until they are equal to men. While well poised, the article does suffer on credibility in the way that it uses some of its sources, in that this shoddy procedure causes the suspicion of the audience towards the credibility of the argument being presented. In relation to my article, this source will be used to support the argument of how the media has a negative effect on women as it dismantles the actions of and advancements for women that have been or are in the process of being secured by feminists. Cantor, Muriel G. â€Å"Feminism and the Media.† Society 25.5 (1998): 76-81. SPORTDicuss with Full Text. Web. 13 Feb. 2015. â€Å"Feminism and the Media† The article by Muriel G. Cantor focuses on how â€Å"second wave† feminists responded to and tried to enforce change in how women were portrayed in the media. She expands this to include the explanation of origin and the growth of â€Å"second wave† feminism, the tactics it used to try to persuade owners of media outlets to produce an accurate and supportive portrayal of women, the origins of the relationship between the media and feminism, and finally, the areas in which women were seen as more subordinates to men than currently. Her intended audience is those who want to learn more: about the origins of modern day feminism, the large focus of modern day feminism’s roots in interacting with the media, and/or â€Å"second wave† feminism. In her presentation, Muriel uses specific company names, making grounds for the presentation’s credibility and thus convincing the reader more than could be achieved through generalizations. She also mentions a vari ety of setbacks that the movement took while fighting for the fair portrayal of women in media become just that, a fight, instead of continuous, easy advancements. This causes readers to become engaged and points to possible overall success of â€Å"second wave† feminism. However, she poses the question of whether the movement was a success or a failure in regards to its present existence, change in existence, and changes in media [relationship] that resulted. From this, readers are to discern their own answer to the posed question, for Muriel does not give her opinion. This cause readers to remain intellectually active after reading. It could also point them to discovering more about both the media and feminism and looking at them and their relationship through a different lends than before. Credibility of her presentation and reliability in what she says is established through the sources, the title that Muriel holds at a university, and the number of works that she has pub lished. In relation to my article, I would use this to support the theses of the previous two articles, thus the relationship between the media and women and feminism but also would use to explain how this relationship came to be. Anderson, Annie, When The Mainstream Met The Second Wave: Media Representations of Women Feminism in 1970s America (2012). American Studies Honors Papers. Paper 4. http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/americanstudieshp/4 When The Mainstream Met The Second Wave: Media Representation of Women and Feminism Annie Anderson attempts to portray the relationship between the media of the 1970s and Second Wave Feminism. She begins by looking that the two separately but immediately moves into the feuding interaction between the two. Her presentation focuses on the Time and Life magazines’ coverage on Second Wave Feminism and how the response of Second Wave Feminism created a framework for the relationship between Second Wave Feminism and 1970s media as well as for the way in which feminism is viewed today. Annie also tries to help her audience understand how the media shaped and continues to shape the agenda of (Second Wave) feminism. In order to do all of this, Annie gives an abrupt history of both Second Wave Feminism and the media, both subjects’ literature, and the history of Time and Life magazines. This allows for her audience to understand that impact that each might have on the public and what characteristics might be the source of tension between the three when presented in certain light. Annie, at the end of her presentation comes to a conclusion on whether or not (Second Wave) feminism has been successful and names solutions on how to improve its success. This argument will help me to structure the main point of my paper: that the media helped to create and reinforce the public’s negative view of women and feminism. The credibility of this source comes from the amount of peer review that had to be done before it was published as well as from the use of historical sources which cannot be falsified without serious consequences. Jones, Allison. Saints and Sirens: How Pop Culture Creates Female Icons. The HKU Honors Club. University of Hong Kong, 1 Aug. 1998. Web. 19 Feb. 2015. http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/40445/1/FullText.pdf?accept=1>. Allison Jones attempts to show the categorization of women in the media as either saints or sirens by looking at four females in particular. She obtains the idea that within the life or after the death of an individual, particularly women, provoke different reactions from the public as a result of the media changing the images of the women to that of the public’s liking or distaste. She uses specific examples of what made the public show distaste or admiration for the women during their life or after their death. Using not only specific women but including what upset or pleased the public allows for the argument that Allison is making to be understood more clearly than it would if she gave general examples. The comparison between the women and what qualities they presented also serves to help enforce her argument. She reflects on the power of the media to capture an image that pertains to what they choose to portray about women and the lengths to which they go to portray such an image to the public. This article will help me to convey to my audience of the effort that the media goes through to uphold the inaccurate and over exaggerated descriptions of women’s’ behaviors and the intention of such behaviors that lead to the simplified naming of these women as either good or bad. It will serve to help me transition into how feminism has been easily disguised as a men-hating movement. The credibility of this article is the same as the credibility of the article from above.

The Childcare Act 2006 in Early Years Education

The Childcare Act 2006 in Early Years Education Unit 3: Building Positive Relationships Every child deserves a good start in life and support to fulfil their potential. Children develop quickly in the early years. A secure, safe and happy childhood is important in its own right. High quality early and pre-school learning, together, provide the foundation children need to make the most of their abilities and talents as they grow up. Childminders and childcare providers registered on the Early Years Register must meet the legal requirements set out in the Childcare Act 2006 and associated regulations in order to remain registered. The Childcare Act 2006 provides for the Early Years Foundation Stage Learning and development requirements to comprise 3 elements: The early learning goals. The educational programmes the matters, skills and processes which are required to be taught to young children. The assessment arrangements for assessing young children to ascertain their achievements. The requirements laid down must be delivered by the child care provider with no exceptions. Document published by the Department for Education on 27 March 20012 states that â€Å"there are seven areas of learning and development that must shape educational programmes in early years settings†. Personal, social and emotional development involves helping children to develop a positive sense of themselves, and others; to form positive relationships and develop respect for others; to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings; to understand appropriate behaviour in groups; and to have confidence in their own abilities. Physical development involves providing opportunities for young children to be active and interactive, and to develop their coordination, control, and movement. Children must also be helped to understand the importance of physical activity, and to make healthy choices in relation to food. Communication and language development involves giving children opportunities to speak and listen in a range of situations and to develop their confidence and skills in expressing themselves. Literacy development involves encouraging children to read and write, both through listening to others reading, and being encouraged to begin to read and write themselves. Children must be given access to a wide range of reading materials – books, poems, and other written materials, to ignite their interest. Mathematics involves providing children with opportunities to practise and improve their skills in counting numbers, calculating simple addition and subtraction problems, and to describe shapes, spaces, and measures. Understanding the world involves guiding children to make sense of their physical world and their community through opportunities to explore, observe and find out about people, places, technology and the environment. Expressive arts and design involves supporting children to explore and play with a wide range of media and materials, as well as providing opportunities and encouragement for sharing their thoughts, ideas and feelings through a variety of activities in art, music, movement, dance, role-play, and design and technology. Parents and carers play an important role in assisting children to build self-respect, and then through the childs personal understanding of that experience develop the values and skills needed to express respect to others. This interactional process becomes a continuous cycle, as children with strong self-respect engage in constructive positive behaviours towards themselves and others, attracting praise and reinforcement, thus building further self-respect and further facilitating the capacity to demonstrate respect for others. Of course the counter to that occurs when a child experiences continuous disrespect, fails to build healthy self-respect, and then responds to those destructive and negative feelings by treating others in similarly disrespectful ways. It is important that children learn about other people’s feelings and that we show them how we behave in society and to except all walks of life. We could help them to do this by having resources that show the different types of people. For example wheelchair users, people who are hard of hearing and other disabilities etc. You could also celebrate festivals from different cultures or religion. It is good to read the children stories about friendships and display posters that shoe diversity. Showing a child praise when they behave in a socially acceptable manner will give them more confidence and make them feel respected themselves. Introducing a child to their own culture, traditions, and heritage helps the child valuing themselves and then others. Researchers (for example, Brown, 2008; Hughes et al., 2006) consistently find that young people from minority groups have better life outcomes when they develop a sense of pride in their own heritage and culture. As parents, we can cultivate this strength by helping our children participate in meaningful activities and rituals, spend time with others who share their culture or tradition, or use their native or first language. It also comes from having positive messages and role models in the media and culture that reinforce the value of one’s heritage, culture, and identity. If I was caring for a group of children from diverse cultural or ethnic backgrounds I would encourage them to explore their heritage and make it an educational project for the whole group. By making the approach inclusive rather than exclusive it would foster a greater understanding of cultural differences and backgrounds amongst all the children. For example: each week could be devoted to an individual child’s particular background with that child encouraged to explore and learn about their culture (traditions, religion, celebrations, food, history) – the depth of research being determined by the child’s age. The child could make a presentation to the group and be encouraged to find photos and other items to help present their culture. The child could possibly be encouraged to bring a family member with them to help with their presentation (if possible). The other children in the group would engage with the activity by making their own posters, drawings and deco rations with the theme of the culture being presented. This activity would carry on for several weeks depending on the size of the group. As an alternative, if the group was not primarily multi-cultural the above plan could still be used with a cultural theme being decided on in advance and the children being encouraged to learn about the culture and share their findings with the group. Consistency in parenthood and for children is having the rules, routines and expectations the same over the course of time. This helps the child better understand rules and discipline, and it helps the childs world stay predictable and allows it to be a less confusing situation. Consistency helps children learn to be accountable for their actions. Consistency is extremely important because children need set limits. When a child is allowed to do things and then reprimanded it is confusing to them. These children will push limits of adults while thinking it is okay to do so. Consistency will help the child to understand what is tolerable and what is not. What is acceptable and what is unacceptable. Being fair is only right. Children should be taught that for every action there is a consequence. It is also important for these children to help set the guidelines for what is a consequence. This should be done before the consequence is needed, not the moment of. Positive reinforcement allows for the children to continue to have appropriate actions and become intrinsically motivated to do these actions. Positive reinforcement should be reduced over time otherwise the children will always seek the reinforcement instead of just doing the good deed in itself. With negative behaviour it is important that you always give a reason for when you say no. The child will then know that it is not safe to cross the street because they might get hurt, or it is not safe to stand on the table because they might fall. If a child is given a reason for negative behaviour it is usually understood better and therefore will likely not happen again. And if you must give a child a limit follow through, or it will not work again the next time. The child will then push your limits and try to again get off of the hook. In my opinion quiet time is a perfect time for children to just sit quietly and calm down and it helps you to simply get on with your work with minimum disruption. A child can be taken to quiet time without the whole class knowing and it is most effective when you simply, quietly and calmly walk up to a child and ask them to come to quiet time. Quiet time is not to be confused with the naughty spot or naughty chair. There is a different negative feeling to being on the naughty spot, than there is to having quiet time. The naughty chair implies that the child is naughty, which is of course negative and unhelpful. Quiet time is not about making a child feel bad but an opportunity for a child to be taken out of a disruptive situation and as a consequence for unwanted behaviour. This way you are far more likely to end unwanted behaviour rather than temporarily distracted a child from it. Another good strategy is to acknowledge and praise good behaviour and mature interactions with others, rather than only acknowledging bad behaviour and aggression. Often, a child will engage in bad behaviour, including fighting with others, in order to gain the attention of nearby adults. Only paying attention to negative behaviour reinforces the idea that negative behaviour gets results. Conflict between children and adults or between children can be very distressing. In child care settings conflict is very common for children having trouble with an adult authority. Over the years many behavioural theorists debated whether conflict has a positive or negative impact on child development. Some of them felt that conflict is a natural part of life. Others viewed conflict as a negative occurrence instead of being accepted as part of being human. Research carried out by Dennis, Colwell and Lindsey from the Texas Tech University found that there are gender differences between children identifying areas of conflict. The girls tended to have more conflict with their peers over the things that had been said displaying a child to child conflict, whereas the boys manifested themselves in the form of disobeying the teacher. Research supports work of Vygotsky who find that â€Å"†¦ conflict provides for a learning experience for children when they have correct modelling or â€Å"scaffolding† from adults† (Travick-Smith, 2003,p54). The research showed that there were certainly gender differences, with girls’ conflicts arising from reaction to â€Å"words† and boys’ conflicts with â€Å"actions†. Among the many tasks of early childhood, two stand out: to communicate needs in a respectful way to other children and to listen with respect to the ideas of others. These areas of learning are important to all young children, but especially to those who participate in group settings away from home – preschool and child care programmes, playgroups, or summer camps. With the support of knowledgeable adults, children are able to learn the skills necessary for effective communication within peer groups. As children learn to be together in a group, they will inevitably experience conflict with another child. Many adults find conflict among children frustrating and feel uncertain about how to be helpful. However, when adults are thoughtful and skilled in their approach to classroom conflict, children benefit. Conflict resolution is an important foundation for future growth and learning.   References Department for Education, 2012. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. Runcorn: Department for Education. Riddall-Leech, S. (2010) Home-Based Childcare, Oxford, Pearson Publ Oxford Heinemann. Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage (July 2006) the Child care act 2006. Tassoni, P. Beith, K. Bulman, K. Eldridge, H. (2007) Child Care and Education. Publ. Heinemann.

B/M Ratio Essay -- Research Analysis

We can see from regression I of Panel A and B that B/M is highly significant relative to the future returns, which are consistent with the B/M effect theory. The B/M effect for NOA/P^NOAï ¹ ¤1 data also cannot be rejected for the ambiguous t-statistic. Similarly, the enterprise B/M ratio is confirmed by regression II. The testing results for one factor model of financial leverage (ND/M) presents that the financial leverage is not significantly relative to future returns, or even negatively relative to future returns. It is an anomalous phenomenon that the leverage (financial risk) reduces the expected returns, but it may be explained by the negative association between leverage and operating risk. Actually, these results are also consistent with also correlation analysis in Table 2. When NOA/P^NOA≠§1, leverage is positively and insignificantly relative to the NOA/P^NOA. However, when NOA/P^NOAï ¹ ¤1, leverage is negatively relative to NOA/P^NOA. Regression V shows the leverage coefficient under controlling for operating risk (enterprise B/M ratio). For full sample tests, the coefficient is insignificant which means we cannot get any reliable conclusions from this result. And for NOA/P^NOA ≠§1, the coefficient is insignificantly positive, for NOA/P^NOAï ¹ ¤1, the coefficient is significantly negative. If we split the ND/M ratio into financial liabilities/market value and financial assets/ market value like in regression VII, FA/P coefficients are significantly positive in all of three panels, but the FL/P negatively or insignificantly relative to future returns. It indicates that the high future return premium is awarded for the high operating risk rather than financial risk. As the financial leverage is insignificant in some regressions, we u... ...returns, and this association is even insignificant for most NOA/P^NOA portfolios. The only exception is in the highest two NOA/P^NOA portfolios, highest ND/M portfolios give higher returns than lowest ND/M portfolios. Similarly with US evidence, the findings in UK evidence suggest that the UK FTSE 350 stock returns are inconsistent with PRT’s equation 2. In Panel B of table 4, we use similar methods with Panel A to spilt the year-firm observations into 10 portfolios, and sort these observations into five groups by B/M ratio rather than leverage ratio. According to PRT equation 1, if NOA/P^NOA >1, a higher leverage ratio will lead to a higher B/M ratio; if (NOA )/P^NOA 1, a higher return the higher B/M ratio.

Management And Leadership Essay -- Business Management

Management and Leadership Paper Each person in a company brings his or her own experiences, values, and beliefs to the company. All the experiences, values, and beliefs combined formulate the organizational culture of the company. A sick organizational culture can cause failure in a company. In a company with a healthy organizational culture employees work together to ensure the company reaches its goals. This paper will discuss the roles leadership and management play in a healthy organizational culture. How the four functions of management support and maintain a healthy organizational culture will also be addressed. In addition, strategies that leaders can use to promote a healthy culture will also be reviewed. Each company has a vision. A leader helps others to see the vision and inspire them to make the vision reality. Bateman and Snell (2007) assert that leadership is ineffective without a vision, employees or teams can establish a vision for jobs or an organization, and many people are more focused on carrying out his or her duties each day. Even some managers do not have a clear vision. When looking at an organization’s culture, one sees the motivation given employees to achieve the organization’s goals. One way a leader motivates employees is to lead by example. For example, if a leader states that company policy is company vehicles are not to be used for personal business, the same leader must also abide by the policy. When an employee observes a leader not following a company policy, the employee is less inclined to follow the policy. From time to time vendors will impart such items as baseball or rodeo tickets to purchasing personnel at XYZ, Inc. In order to avoid a conflict of interest, the tickets are accept... ...omote a healthy organizational culture. The four functions of management play a role in supporting and maintaining a company’s culture. A healthy organizational culture will go beyond the every day duties and ensure company goals are achieved. The values, beliefs, and experiences of each employee blend to create a unique environment within a company. Each person has his or her part in helping the organizational culture. References Adler, H. (2007, December). Key leader characteristics. Leadership Excellence, 24(12), 5. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from ProQuest database. Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2007). Management: The new competitive landscape (7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin. Bova, M. (2008, March 18). Are you a leader or a manager? EzineArticles. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http://ezinearticles.com/index.php?Are-You-A-Leader-Or-A-Manager?&id=1047476

oldman and the sea :: essays research papers

The Old Man and The Sea Old Man and The Sea, a great book by Ernest Hemingway, is about a fisherman’s struggle to save his career. This book is very different than any other book that I have read. It is different because this book doesn’t have multiple events that happen in the story. Santiago, an old fisherman, goes out fishing and hooks a giant marlin. The book explains his struggle to kill the fish and bring it back home. The book symbolizes the struggle of the author to write a great book. Santiago is an old man that wasn’t having much luck fishing. One day he decides to go fishing and hooks a marlin. The man struggles to kill the marlin and in the process he is pulled very far out into the ocean. Santiago becomes attached to the marlin and calls it his "brother". Santiago gains strength by thinking about the things he loves and has interests in such as Manolin, a young fisherman, and the New York Yankees(baseball team). Santiago fights the marlin for three days and finally kills the fish. Santiago goes through many of obstacles to achieve his goal of catching a big fish but when he finally gets it, it’s taken away from him by sharks that eat the marlin. The young man, Manolin is the old man’s best friend. Santiago, taught him how to fish. Manolin use to fish with Santiago but then Santiago ran into a streak of bad luck. Manolin started fishing on another boat. Manolin is very attached to Santiago. They get along very well. Manolin understands why Santiago had to go on the 3-day trial fishing to test his luck and admires him for it. Manolin is the person that takes care of Santiago. The marlin is a very noble, big and beautiful fish. Whatever it symbolizes, to the reader it's something worth fighting for since Santiago risks his life battling sharks in his attempt to save the marlin. The marlin is Santiago’s last shot at luck. Santiago knew that this fishing trip would be the last spark of luck he would have for the rest of his life. Although he doesn’t get the whole marlin to shore, he did bring luck with him because he survived. The marlin is also a sign of the author’s quest to write one good book. Like the fisherman wants to catch a great fish before he dies, Hemingway wants to write a good story.

Internal Entrepreneurship at the Dow Chemical

The Dow Chemical Company was a leader company in science and technology, offering plastic and agriculture products in 2002. However, from 1995, Dow Chemical Company had ever lost its profit for several years especially in 1998. Dow Chemical Company tried to stop the decreasing so that it launched an initiative ‘E-epoxy. com venture’ in 2000. The purpose of this project was earning more small customers and spot market customers to increase the market shares. STRENGTH 1. Epoxy was a specialty, high margin business. The top 20% of its global customers have generated 80% of its revenue.Dow Chemical Company can take this advantage to expand the business oversea. 2. Epoxy was a creative online channel in the market. It was very convince for not only local customers but also global customers to purchase products online without calling or faxing. 3. Dow Chemical Company would be the first mover using online system to process the orders. Moreover, the cost of launching this onlin e system was not expensive. Using this system could lead Dow Chemical Company to the head position in electronic marketplace and ahead of other traditional competitors. . It was more flexible for managers to use online system to attract more customers. For example, Telford can provide promotion code to some particular customers via E-mail. Some customers might feel interesting and order products on E-epoxy. com because of special price. 5. Telford is an experienced employee who has worked in Dow Chemical Company for many years. He has exceptional ability to understand stakeholders’ thought and was aggressive to operate Epoxy project. WEAKNESS 1.Although customers can order products online, Dow Chemical Company still needed to contact with customers to clarify and confirm the order sometimes. It would increase the labor cost and decrease the order process efficiency. 2. Capacity utilization was a problem as well. The capacities of epoxy were in the range of 30 ktpa to over 100 ktpa. Dow Chemical Company has not enough capacities to fit the needs of new customers in the future. 3. The product price should be clear on the website. However, it might be inappropriate because Dow Chemical Company always changes the price according to different customers.Price transparency would potentially limit sales’ negotiating ability. 4. Telford wanted to charge distributors higher price because of other service such as a wide product palette and technical assistance. It might make Dow Chemical Company lose some distributor customers. 5. The E-epoxy. com was available everywhere. However, the language problem and currency problems were still need to be solved. For instance, Brazil didn’t allow Dow Chemical Company using US dollars as currency on the website. OPPORTUNITY 1. With new sales tool–E-epoxy. om, Dow Chemical Company has opportunity to expand its business globally. Dow Chemical Company could earn more market shares by this low-cost and effic iency online tool. 2. In order to fit increasing demand in the future, Dow Chemical Company needs to build its capacity utilization. It might be a chance for Dow Chemical Company to be the top huge company because of abundant production ability. 3. Smaller customers had less ability to negotiate the price with distributor. Distributors might charge them much price than ordering products from Dow Chemical Company directly.Smaller customers might love to order products online due to cost down. THREAT 1. The regulations of foreign government might change in the future. As the problems Dow Chemical Company faced in Brazil, Brazil didn’t allow Dow Chemical Company to use US dollars on the website. Other countries’ government might also change the policy like tax increasing or currency change and it might threaten Dow Chemical Company a lot. 2. In order to do something dramatic to push home the importance of his venture, Telford started a rumor via E-mail in the market.Altho ugh no one really condemned this event, that didn’t mean nobody would argue on day. Telford created a potential bomb for company. 3. Dow Chemical Company has less experience to manage website. Dow Chemical Company might waste money in a wrong way to operate E-epoxy. com. However, other competitors can learn Dow Chemical Company’s experience and avoid failure in the market. RECOMMEDATION 1. Dow Chemical Company needs to improve its website day by day to fit customers’ new needs. Moreover, Dow Chemical Company can build up other service at the same time.For example, Dow Chemical Company can mimic what it did on EpiCenter. Dow Chemical Company can create a specific contact phone number for customers to contact with sales immediately. Customers can get information from website or phone service. 2. Dow Chemical Company could offer more discounts on the website to inspire the sales. If Dow Chemical Company want to higher the price for distributors, Dow Chemical Compan y should offer something new and only available for distributors to attract them make orders. .Dow Chemical Company needs a well-organized strategy group for incoming international business. Because of the cultural difference, local currency, different language, and different consumer behavior, Dow Chemical Company should have a professional team to deal with country differences. For instance, the team members should have rich foreign working experience and ability to speak in foreign language. It would be helpful for Dow Chemical Company to enter global market.

‘Jasper Jones’ by Craig Silvey Essay

The Novel Jasper Jones by Craig Silvey revolves around a young boy named Charlie Bucktin living in the small Australian town of Corrigan in the 1960’s. Charlie is exposed to the confronting issues of racial prejudice, injustice and moral duality. He is challenged to question right from wrong, has to come to the realization that law doesn’t always uphold justice and we as readers are positioned to understand that people are capable of holding two conflicting values and remain in confortable harmony. The ideas are portrayed through Silvey’s use of narrative conventions that are used to either challenge or reinforce our values, attitudes and beliefs on the issues explored. Our morals and ethics is our understanding of what we believe is right or wrong. Reading this novel we come to realize that the people of Corrigan are hypocrites, cable of holding two conflicting values or beliefs. Jasper Jones does not deny that he is a â€Å"thief, a liar, a thug, a truant†, but despite this, he says â€Å"I never stole a thing I dint need†¦ and all my life so far, sh*t’s bin taken off me, so I’m evening the ledger a bit† (page 34). My attitude towards stealing is that its wrong, but Jasper’s character has challenged this belief and suggests that stealing is okay and can be justified in this case because he did it to get the things he needs â€Å"because its never gonna get offered†. When Jasper asked Charlie to help him hide the body of Laura Wishart, he was not only asking him to break the law but was making Charlie go against his morals and he had to reconsider what the â€Å"right thing† to do was. He knew that tampering with her body was illegal but he did it anyway to help Jasper stay out of trouble and find the truth of what had happened. Craig is trying to show us that we all hold conflicting views on things and that sometimes we can think one way and act in another. It has made me realize that I too may contradict my own values and positions me to reconsider what I believe to be right and wrong. Corrigan is a town swamped with lies and injustice. Silvey is expressing this theme through the establishment of characters and plot. His message is that the Law and what seems morally right, doesn’t necessarily uphold justice.  Jasper Jones has a bad reputation in Corrigan and after his discovery of Laura’s body, Charlie argues that they should go to the police but Jasper knows that the rule of law doesn’t apply to him. He is the town’s scapegoat when an incident occurs and says, â€Å"We can’t tell anyone. Especially the Police†¦ they are gonna say it was me.† (page 13). When the disappearance of Laura becomes public, Jasper is locked up and bashed by her father the â€Å"Shire President†. Throughout the novel Pete Wishart is always referred to by this title. He is supposed to be a public figure and role model but instead he’s an abusive drunk that impregnated his daughter and manhandled a child. This misconduct shows how power can be misused and the double standards that exist in society. The myth of ‘Mad Jack Lionel’ burdened the town of Corrigan. Rumours were spread concerning his involvement with the death of Rosie Jones and he was Jaspers first suspicion as to what had happened to Laura. â€Å"The lies and suppositions were just heaped upon the stack† (page 240). He had been wrongfully accused and blamed for things he did not do and his town turned its back on him. The unjust treatment of Jasper and Jack Lionel shows that people are so quick to judge and make assumptions about others without knowing a thing about them. It reinforces by belief that you shouldn’t judge a book by its cover and should get to know the truth about someone before you pass judgement. Multiculturalism, which is familiar to contemporary Australians, was unheard of in the 1960’s and the concept of people from other countries and cultural backgrounds enriching in Australian life was a foreign concept. This novel explores the racism behind the discrimination towards those from non-European backgrounds such as Jeffery Lu and his family. Silvey’s selection of setting, the context of this novel and the surrounding circumstances such as the Vietnam War provides an understanding of the current attitudes that society may have had towards certain ideas. At the time of this novel, many Australians were resentful for having to go over and fight in the war. Charlie’s best friend Jeffery, who is of Vietnamese background, was subject to discrimination and copped a lot of bullying because of this. A woman whose son had died in the war attacked Jeffery’s mother, Mrs Lu. â€Å"She slapped her cup up, right into her chest†¦ scalding her skin† ( page 128). This scene positioned me to feel sorry for Mrs Lu and  reinforced by belief that everyone, no matter what race, should be treated with equality. Jeffery is often victimized by other kids, like Warwick Trent the teenage bully of the town, because of his race. He’s the boy â€Å"who’s always been two years bigger and broader than anyone his age† (page 57). He and the other boys that Jeffery often encounters at the local oval are intimidated by his intellect and his cricket skills. They try to establish their dominance over Jeffery by using his ethnicity against him and asserting racial comments such as â€Å"F*ck off, c*nt eyes† (page 58) and â€Å"F*ck off Cong† (page 59). The mistreatment of Lu family has shown me the significance of coequality and how damaging racism can be. The message Silvey is trying to convey is that anyone who is perceived to be different or ‘inferior’ is made to feel as outcasts and unwelcome in society. It has made me reconsider how I should treat others and has helped me develop a greater understanding of why everyone should be treated with respect and equality regardless of their race. Jasper Jones deals with many issues that are prevalent in our modern society. The author uses narrative conventions such as plot, setting and characters to challenge or reinforce my attitudes and values. I come to understand that people can hold contradicting values and remain in comfortable harmony. I realize that the law doesn’t always uphold justice and am positioned to see the harm discrimination can cause. These are just a few of the ways that Craig Silvey has used narrative conventions to influence my point of view on the themes expressed in Jasper Jones.

Automobile Drivers Essay

Multi tasking has become common thing in today’s busy world. It is common to find somebody a person typing on the personal computer while taking his or her favorite drink and at the same time making a point to his friend on the other end of the line on the cellphone. This trend has been adopted by many in the current busy world. Many have argued that such an act saves time and allows somebody to accomplish so many asks within a given time. To some it has been a successful adventure but to others it has resulted to serious repercussions. Drivers have also been tempted to multitask while on the wheel, this is one of the most dangerous things to do while on the road. Use of cell phones while driving has become so common such that it attracted lawmakers’ attention as it is a disaster waiting to happen in this country. This habit has been equated to drunken driving which has claimed so many lives and left other serious injured through road accidents which have occurred in the recent past. Use of cell phone while driving is such a dangerous habit which puts the life of those driving and their passengers at risk. It is high time that a law was enacted prohibiting this particular practice before it gets out of hand. (Sturnquist, D 2006 29) Drivers who use the cellular phones either on hands free or handheld are as impaired as those who drive under the influence of alcohol. This was according to a research that was carried out by researchers from the University of Utah. The research showed that the use of hands free is just as distracting as the handheld mobile phones. To address this distraction the study recommended for the outlawing the use of cell phones while on the wheel. Use of the cell phone while driving has been known to cause physical and cognitive distraction on the driver, to start with when the phone rings the driver has to look for the phone, this means that his or her attention will be distracted as he picks the phones to answer the call. By the time the drivers mind hit back on the road an accident may have occurred or he might been forced to slow down to concentrate on the phone resulting into a traffic jam. This causes inconveniences to other road users and at the same time threatens the life of the driver as it is hard to concentrate in two involving tasks at the same time. Drivers who text while driving are even at a greater risk as this activity requires full attention than receiving or making a call. They need to look at different keys so that they can write a comprehensive text, in the course of locating these keys their eyes are off the road oftenly. It only takes a few seconds for a driver to make a mistake and through a flash of second an accident will have occurred. If strict laws were enacted prohibiting the use of short text messaging while the driver is on the road the number of accidents that have been occurring due to such a habit will be minimal. Some cities have put these laws in place and the results have been seen. The number of people driving while texting have decreased and so is the accidents. (Sturnquist, D 2006 30) Talking on the phone while driving is equally dangerous as texting, the driver will first be distracted by the ringing tone as the phone alerts him or her. This distraction can come at a time when the driver was at a point where maximum attention was required. This will drift the drivers’ attention from the road to the phone. To reach for the ringing phone or search for it the eyes will be moved from the road to the direction of the phone. The driver will have to remove one hand from the steering wheel and receive the call. As the conversation begins the drivers attention will be further drifted away to get the details. In such a situation he or she may not be in a position to apply brakes in case a pedestrian is closing the road or an approaching car comes by his side. The driver may also get news which might make him or her excited or greatly disturb. This will lead to loss of concentration as the driver tries to come in to terms with the news. He forgets that he was on the road as the mind tries to solve the current issue. At this point the driver is not in full control of the vehicle. Anything that requires an immediate action will make the driver panic and an accident will have occurred. (McDonald, K 2006 31) The use of cellular phones by automobile drivers is as dangerous as driving under the influence of the alcohol or even performing other tasks such as eating, operating a radio. The policy makers should come up with the strict laws which will restrict such a practice as it the only way through which the road carnage will decrease. Though cellular phones are convenient to use as people can communicate promptly regardless of the distance, it should be used cautiously especially for those who are driving as it might lead to serious repercussions. Whether one is sending a short message, making or receiving a call it equally dangerous as all these activities leads to the distraction of the driver. This distraction might cost one life or lead to the inconveniences of other road users. Prohibiting the use of cellular phones for the drivers might not be taken positively by the cellular service providers and the drivers themselves but it might be the only way through which the government can ensure that road accidents have been reduced. Use of phone while driving should be taken as dangerous driving as it risks the life of the drivers and other passengers as well as other road users. If drunken driving has been prohibited other dangerous habits should be outlawed so as the safety of the road users can be guaranteed. Work Cited McDonald, K Shifting Out of Pack, Lawyers and Judges Publishing (2006) Sturnquist, D Mobile Phones and Driving, Nova Publishers (2006)