Ore-Best Farms

Our mission at Ore-Best Farms is to offer our customers a very nutritious, healthful, and tasteful rabbit meat, at an affordable price for everyone. Vision Our vision is to be the leader in the marketing of rabbit meat in the U. S. and Latin America, considerably improving the quality of life of our customers. Objectives The three main objectives of the company for the next five years are doubling the company's profitability, obtaining a market share between 10 and 15 percent of the U. S. market, and to expand the business to Latin America. Target Market According to Oni(2007), rabbit meat is high quality, high digestibility, with 21. % protein; 3 -5% fat, highly nutritious, and low cholesterol. Therefore, the main target market would be children, sick people, elderly, and health-conscious consumers. According to a study by Lloyd-ones(2009), in the United States almost 700,000 people die from cardiovascular diseases every year, becoming the leading cause of death in U. S. In 2006, the study estimated that heart diseases would cost Americans more than 258,000 million dollars. The study also revealed that the risk of cardiovascular disease can be reduced making changes in habits, playing an important role the low consume of cholesterol. All data presented shows that in the United States there is an urgent need to eat healthful and nutritious food, mainly low-cholesterol. Thus, the company will launch a marketing strategy to encourage the consumption of rabbit meat in the U. S. , which offers customers a combination hard to find, high protein, low in fat and cholesterol, as well as unbeatable prices. To implement the strategy the company will invest in educational commercials, using radio, internet, and television. The educational commercials will show a celebrity explaining the large nutritional value of rabbit meat, as well as its low price. This celebrity must be a person well known in the United States, and with an athletic body. The main objective of the campaign will raise awareness among consumers of the dangers of poor food, and show consumers that rabbit meat is an excellent alternative for healthy eating. Another market with great potential is hospitals. Rabbit meat would be a big business for hospitals, as it offers patients an excellent nutritive meat, saving hospitals a great deal of money. Finally, the company will take the appropriate steps to do business in Latin American countries, which would benefit from the quality and low prices of the rabbit meat. Marketing Mix The company will use a new package design. The new design will have on the label a new slogan, â€Å"Rabbit meat improves your health and your palate. † The packages will be transparent, with nutritional information labels. The package also will be designed with a green label, which will have recorded the following words on it: â€Å"Meat recommended by nutritionists and dietitians† The aim of this new design will be attract the largest number of customers interested in their health care and the health of their family. Furthermore, the company will use a low-price strategy in order to get market share quickly. Once the company achieves a larger market, then the price would increase from 5 to 8%. On the other hand, the company will launch a major advertising campaign to educate consumers about the benefits of eating healthy. The company will supply meat to several supermarkets located in different parts of the country, such as Wal- Mart, Publix, and Sweetbay; thus, rabbit meat will be available to a larger number of people.

Human Condition †Away by Michael Gow Essay

Literature can reflect the human condition by presenting aspects of our existence, including the wide range of emotions, our mortality and the transformations which differentiate us as a species. Examples of texts which do so include the play Away by Michael Gow, the photo â€Å"Woman on Bondi† by Marco Bok and the poem â€Å"Ode To A Nightingale† by John Keats, which provide similar and contrasting views on these aspects of humanity. Away by Michael Gow, first published in 1986, is an Australian play set in the 1960s, following the Vietnam War, which explores the mortality, loss, restoration and transformation experienced in our existence. Gow suggests that Tom is the catalyst through his characterisation of Puck in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream† in the opening scene. He alludes to Tom’s role as a healer, as it is through his death that others are able to begin the process of restoration – â€Å"Give me your hands, if we be friends, and Robin shall restore amends†, while adding elements of magic through the play-within-a-play. Tom engineers the play’s upheaval through the ‘Puckish’ curse – â€Å"I hope you have a rotten holiday† and by conjuring up the storm further into the text, which causes both great conflict and the restoration of the characters. The mortality of our existence is also expressed through Tom. By reading the excerpt from â€Å"King Lear† in the final scene, Tom undergoes a cathartic transition, reflecting upon his foreshadowing death and finally accepting its inevitability – â€Å"while we unburden’d crawl towards death†. Gow’s casting of Tom as Lear insinuates that he has completed his role as the healer and is ready to face his destiny. Despite the tragic overtones conveyed through these lines, the concept of a new beginning is also implied through the stage directions and setting – â€Å"The light becomes bright, summery, morning† and thus reflects the positive aspect of being able to accept our mortality. The concept of loss and restoration is portrayed through Coral, whose process of healing is triggered by Tom’s role in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, with Gow using a soliloquy following the performance allowing Coral to express her emotions and reach out to the audience – â€Å"What angel wakes me from my  flowery bed?† The repetition of this line throughout the dramatic monologue reinforces her ‘awakening’ from depression and dysphoria, with the angel acting as a recurring motif for Tom’s role as the healer. The â€Å"flowery bed† can also be interpreted as Tom’s deathbed and thus, she unknowingly foreshadows his fate. Gow uses the play-within-a-play, â€Å"The Stranger On The Shore†, to express Coral’s final acceptance and restoration. This play demonstrates love, sacrifice and death, with Coral’s role allowing her to experience the greatest change. The repetition of the line â€Å"I’m walking† emphasises this change and portrays her healing. Gow also uses the lighting of the bonfire as a symbol for the death of old beliefs and a signal for new life, â€Å"They’ve lit a bonfire on the beach. Look!†. Similarly, Gwen goes down the path of restoration, as she is initially encapsulated within a shell formulated from her materialistic mentality, â€Å"We’ve got a brand new caravan. Everything you could want.† Her change in attitude is triggered by the storm which Gow uses as symbol for cleansing, bringing in elements of magic – â€Å"The FAIRIES return and stage a spectacular storm†. The emotional breakdown of Gwen as she receives news of Tom’s illness also expresses her change and she seeks forgiveness from Jim, â€Å"You must hate me? I’m sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The clichà ©d expression – â€Å"There’s a terrible taste in my mouth† as Gwen tries to take the Bex Powder also emphasises her transformation. Thus, Away echoes the human condition by expressing aspects of our existence which deal with our mortality and the transformations we may experience. Bibliography â€Å"Away†. Gow, Michael (1986)†Michale Gow’s Away†. Beckett, Wendy (Glebe: Pascal Press, 1993)

Impact of Computers on Society Essay

Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of people are using computer. Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning. Computers are complex electronic devices. They can perform many operations at once, and make our daily lives easier. Almost every home, office, or school has a computer of some kind these days. It may seem at first that having a computer brings only benefits, but further consideration shows that it also has disadvantages. There are many pros and cons about computers (and technology in general). First of all computers are very useful at school. It helps students study for upcoming tests and makes subjects more interesting to learn about. Students can also learn new vocabulary and grammar. Furthermore it allows students to become familiar with operating a computer and gain basic computer skills. Many modern day jobs involve using a computer in one way or another. Also more people can save their valuable time by using computers. This is especially beneficial in the workplace where employees can do their work faster than they ever could before. In addition, storing information on a computer is one of the most efficient ways of keeping data. One flash drive, for example, can hold the same amount of information as numerous books. People can also communicate with other computer owners through the internet, which now offers everything from shopping to â€Å"video chatting† with a person in another country. On the other hand many jobs have been lost due to the fact that a single computer can do a lot of tasks more efficiently and cheaper than humans. This has led to high unemployment rates in many countries. The internet is also full of harmful materials; especially for kids. Some websites are not designed for educational purposes but for profit-gaining aims. There are even children who are so â€Å"addicted† to online gaming that they spend almost all day sitting before in front of a computer screen. As a result they do poorly at school. Also, a computer is just a machine; it can’t completely replace humans so you are unlikely to find ‘moral support’ from chatting with strang people on the net. Besides, people tend to tell lies to their chatter. Also, if kids are left unsupervised they would spend all of their time playing games on the computer rather than using it for educational purposes. Furthermore computer usage can also take an emotional toll on people. When some people work from home on the computer are far more likely to feel cut off from the rest of the world. If children are sitting in front of the screen all day, they do not learn to share, wait their turn, or even something as simple as manners. Moreover children might be using the internet to access pornographic material. Children are also easy targets for sexual offenders who chat online with them and then make plans to meet them or slowly obtain information about them. Also frequent and prolonged computer session may pose physical health. One example of a health hazard could be a bad back. Pretty much everyone relies on a computer one way or another nowadays. These complex electronic devices can help us throughout our daily lives†¦.but they can also hurt. They pose physical and mental/emotional threats if you spend too much time glued to your computer or similar device. There are pros and cons of computer usage. You can communicate with someone in England while you’re laying in bed on your laptop in your pajamas. It can also hurt us just as much as it helps. If you go on one â€Å"suspicious† website and your computer could be infected with a deadly virus and mess up your computer or you could lose all of your personal data, like financial information. What you see depends on who you are and exactly how you see it. Works Cited Anil, Aakar. â€Å"Aakar Tech.† IMPACT OF COMPUTER ON SOCIETY. N.p., 12 Nov. 2007. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Dutta, Pallab. â€Å"What Are the Benefits of Computers in Society?† EHow. Demand Media, 08 July 2009. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Frisicaro, Adrian. â€Å"Cs4fn : Computer Science for Fun.† Computer Science for Fun. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. â€Å"The Impact of Computers on Society.† The Impact of Computers on Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013. Joseph, Chris. â€Å"The Disadvantages of Computers in the Workforce.† Small Business. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 05 Feb. 2013.

Gun control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Gun control - Essay Example Many citizens consider it their right to be allowed guns so that they can fight for their protection when the law enforcement agencies fail to do so. On the other hand, there are opponents of the issue who believe that strict gun control measures are essential owing to the fact that they reduce the possibility of the weapons falling in the wrong hands. This debate of gun control has been an essential issue in the United States where it is still considered to be a controversial subject. The National Vital Statistics states the fact that many lives are lost as a result of injuries from firearms. 11,001 people succumbed to injuries resulting from gun shots by criminals only in the year 2001. It was also presented that in 2001, 16,455 lives were lost due to suicides which were committed by using firearms only. This indicates an important aspect that many deaths result in the United States due to guns and deaths due to firearms are labeled as the second cause of death in the country. But an interesting aspect is that the rate of people dying due to the gun shots has lowered following the year 1993 and it has been attributed to changes and leniencies in the gun control laws (Gold 2004). Many important figures in the United States have lost their lives resulting from gun shots. These include the devastating killings of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy that occurred in the year 1968 when these two exemplary figures were shot dead (Valdez 2003). Gun control is an essential subject in the history of the United States. The first most prominent ruling relating to this issue was passed in the year 1939 by the Supreme Court of the country. The court passed a ruling in favor of stricter gun control measures and the ban on personal usage of guns. It justified this on the grounds for the maintenance of security of the individuals. There has been much opposition to this ruling ever since 1939. Opponents of this law utilize the Second Amendment of the Constitution as a point of their justification. According to the Amendment, "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." The opponents of gun control laws argue that this amendment of the constitution upholds the rights of the individuals for the possession of guns for their security. They argue that the denial of the guns for their safety is actually the breach of the constitution of the country as this amendment clearly states in favor of the possession of weapons (Associated Press 2007). Many members of the congress of the United States also consider it important that the ownership of guns is central to the security of their lives. According to the people who favor the possession of guns, firearms tend to provide higher security for the people when the law enforcement agency personnel are not present. Therefore, an individual can guard himself in all situations. These groups argue that after pr oper checking of the criminal records of the people, gun possession should be allowed as this would make the society a safer place to live (Nagourney et al 2011). Many researchers have upheld the benefits that the relaxations of the gun control laws have provided for the United States. According to a research that was done by Mauser, the crime rate in the United States has gone down to lower levels owing to relaxation in the firearm laws. The study upheld this fact with regard to

Organizations and Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizations and Management - Research Paper Example In addition to the basic four functions of management, managers strategize and control the activities within the organization. Each category of skills enables management in an organization to perform its primary function of ensuring internal activities are in alignment with the groups’ goals. The organizational goals targeted by the shareholders for the organization are the objectives management must design the work flow to accomplish. Management has the responsibility of ensuring the organizational goals are met and the directives of the executive leaders are executed. Management uses the organizational goals to design the work flow and identifies the skill sets needed to perform the tasks to accomplish the goals. Decision-making involves developing strategies that will achieve the group’s goals. Management has the responsibility of overseeing the internal systems and ensuring the processes within the various work units are in alignment with the organizational objectiv es. Planning coordinates the functions within the various departments and distributes resources effectively to produce the goods and services of the organization. As a function management organizes and coordinates the organization’s material, equipment, employees, schedules, and uses authority to ensure the activities within the internal environment are in alignment with the organizational goals. In the process of planning and organizing management recruits employees. Staffing or human resource management includes selection of workers, developing ongoing training programs, establishing, and maintaining an internal culture of cohesion in which the efforts and activity within the organization accomplish the group’s goals. Managers have the task of overseeing and controlling an operation’s processes to fulfill the organization’s strategic plans and goals. Whereas, leaders formulate or chart the direction in which an organization travels to reach specific goa ls, managers work to ensure the goals materialize using the resources available. Distinctly different, yet overlapping and dependent on the other, managers and leaders each have the responsibility of directing, guiding people, and implementing plans in efforts to accomplish strategic targets. 2. Explain the importance of history and theory to management, and highlight the pioneers of management theory: The study of the science of management is relatively young, however management has existed from ancient times The societal transition from that of an agrarian society to an industrialized one helped to create the need for knowledge of how to manage people in factory settings. Management theory evolved as a result of workers moving from farm communities into cities and working in offices and manufacturing plants. The ability to effectively coordinate workers’ efforts and efficiently use machinery was essential in keeping up with social change, progress, and consumers’ dem ands for products and services. The gradual development of systems of work has been one of the most significant factors that have prompted the need to understand the internal relationships within the organizational culture. The First Industrial Revolution (1712-1830) gave birth to the inventions of the steam engine, spinning jenny, and improvements to the machinery in general. Because of the steamboat and

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Business - Essay Example Differences between the 80s and 90s generations are more prominent in terms of relationships and values attached to work, materials, information and technology. Research conducted by Luo and Lagerdahl (2010; p.7) indicated that the 80s youth gave more importance to friends and enjoyment. The reason is attributed to the single-child family norm introduced in 1980s, which also resulted in individualistic attitude to an extent. This research showed that the 80s generation was enthusiastic about the new life style, trendy and fashionable living, and extremely competitive about status symbols in comparison with peers and friends. Because of the importance attached to status symbols, this group felt the pressure of acquiring more wealth and material in order to improve their standards of living; as a result, even expenditure was high. Television affordability had major impact on this generation (Wu, 2009 p.19). The 80s generation laid much emphasis on collective improvement of living stand ards (Luo & Lagerdahl, 2010, p.7). Moreover, post-80s generation are active, independent and with diversified opinions, and "feel China is closer to the rest of the world" (China Daily, 2009, p.1). These findings indicate that though individualism emerged, it was submissive and group culture dominated due to the values attached.

NPV, PI, IRR, and Payback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NPV, PI, IRR, and Payback - Essay Example It is the rate that helps a firm in bringing the NPV equals to 0 by discounting few cash inflows and outflows further (Alessi, 2006). However, this method is not always to be relied on as the cash flow changes are often experienced by a firm. Another method of calculation of capital budgeting is the payback period. It tells the firm, the time span in which the firm can cover up for its cost if investment. However it does not take the real value of money over the years in account. Furthermore, it also does not help the firm in the amounts by which the shareholders wealth will increase and the cash inflows are not taken into account after the cost of investment has been covered. The Profitability Index (PI) of a firm the ration by which the firm can payoff to the investment that is done regarding a project. The projects are easily ranked as a result as the values that are created by each unit are quantified. It is also known as Value Investment Ratio IVIR) (Top of Form NPV’s have been considered as the most exact calculator of the firm’s profitability. However, the evaluation of the NPV’s does not tell a firm of the IRR that each project holds within. A project can have a higher NPV, a smaller safety margin and a smaller IRR! IRR allows the firm in analyzing the cost of capital in comparison to the internal rate of return. However, if the projects cash flow moves from negative to positive every now and then, the firm will experience a number of IRRs making the evaluation of the project difficult and less understandable. Payback provides the firms with the liquidity of a project along with the risk that is involved. If the payback is found as long termed then the earnings of the firm will need to be â€Å"tied up† for quite a long time. Moreover, the chances of the failure in a project will increase. All of the above provide the firm a different analysis angle on

New venture development with the guidance of a mentor Essay

New venture development with the guidance of a mentor - Essay Example Cope (473-491) pointed out that how it feels like creating a new business venture without mentors? The question 1 also depicts the same question but in different fashion. Bakker, Curseu and Vermeulen (95-219) stressed on Social cognitive learning theory (SCLT) in order to highlight the fact that first-time entrepreneurs need support from an experienced mentor or suggestion from peer group in order to be succeeded. Cope (473-491) conducted research on novice entrepreneurs and found that in most of the cases, these entrepreneurs faced challenges while establishing new ventures. For example, one entrepreneur told that he was completely in dark about the future of the business in next 5 years while one told that she did not have the knowledge about how much resource to be allocated at what sector of the venture and other novice entrepreneur told that he broke down after his first attempt to establish business venture failed. Phenomenological analysis of the problems faced by these novice entrepreneurs reveals the fact that fear has created in the mind of these entrepreneurs due to failure of first venture and scope of infusing the social leaning through experienced mentor. Politis (399-424) argued that social capital theory and learning model can be used to understand lived experience of an entrepreneur while starting new venture. Politis (399-424) stated that enthusiasm level of entrepreneurs remains high while starting the new venture and it has been fuelled by the dream to grab the opportunity but in most of the cases, these entrepreneurs lack the social learning which can guide them to do the business. There can be four types of learning modes such as accommodator, diverge, converge and assimilator. Armstrong (527) argued that the four learning platform should be integrated in single frame in order to increase the risk taking capacity of entrepreneurs. Armstrong (527) stated that in most of the cases, a novice entrepreneur lacks the strategic thinking capabilit y, business knowledge, lack of idea regarding life cycle of the startup venture, business experience but such incompetence can be addressed by taking guide of an experienced individual. It is evident from the research works of Armstrong (527) and Politis (399-424) that ability to take calculated risk is essential for a novice entrepreneur to become successful. But, presence of a social group or mentor can help a novice entrepreneur to take calculated risk by transferring knowledge about risk management, enterprise establishment, metamorphosis from different stages of enterprise life cycle etc. Although, there are examples of entrepreneurs who established successful enterprise without having mentor but in other cases, novice entrepreneurs lacks all four kinds of learning phase such as accommodating, diverging, converging and assimilating necessary knowledge to establish a successful enterprise (Politis, 399-424). Hence, the researcher has found that Social cognitive learning theory ( SCLT) can be successfully used to understand the need of mentor in the life of a new entrepreneur while the theory should be further elaborated in order to frame the metamorphosis of a novice entrepreneur into a successful one. Question 2 Singh, Bains and Vinnicombe (389-405) defined mentoring as the asymmetric relationship between a more experienced and knowledgeable individual and protege. A mentor takes the protege under his/her

Summary what you have learned from the lectures Essay

Summary what you have learned from the lectures - Essay Example For employees, good job performance is more about utilizing functions that encourage the contributions of workers, thus making them feel motivated to work harder on the company’s behalf. Organizations can take advantage of rewards and pay hikes to inspire workers to do their best. Moreover, good leaders are also needed to find ways of communicating appreciation effectively to the workforce. Where organizations are concerned, good leaders will encourage the creation of a corporate culture that supports the realization of organizational objectives. Bad leadership will undermine the corporate culture and enable workers to develop unconstructive attitudes towards their responsibilities and the company in general. Bad leaders are also unable to communicate clearly with their employees. For workers, good leadership is more tied to the general treatment of employees. Good leaders are aggressive and firm while also being cooperative with their personnel. This will allow for them to be able to remain faithful to attaining organizational objectives while also giving room for workers to perform their different tasks in the ways that they deem fit. Good leaders also base promotions on principled workers and do not favor some over others. Organizations with good leaders will have a good corporate culture, a high morale, and be able to enjoy a sustainable long-term success. Creating an organizational culture that is supported by intrinsically motivated workers is critical to the success of every business. For most employees, motivation is an indication of the creativity and commitment that the workforce bears towards organizational functions. Employee motivation and job satisfaction are two connected aspects that contribute to the realization of company objectives. Moreover, most employees tend to compare their existing work conditions with their desired conditions to establish the levels of their satisfaction. While companies cannot meet all the goals of their workfo rce, it is important to identify the underlying factors that are associated with employee motivation in their particular business and learn how to employ them. This will inspire organizational commitment from any company’s workers. Organizational commitment involves a worker’s feeling of responsibility towards helping a company to achieve its goals. Organizational commitment deals with the emotional reactions of employees towards their responsibilities. To inspire organizational commitment, it is vital for a good corporate culture that makes workers feel like they belong to a second family to be developed. This will then spur the involvement of workers on an individual basis. Organizational commitment will not only improve production thereby improving profits, but will also result in lesser instances of absenteeism. Management structures can also be used to generate cooperation between workers, which then results in organizational commitment (Robbins, 509). While it is common for people to claim that workers prefer management structures rather than hierarchical structures in organizations, this is not always true. Organizations today have to strike a balance between bureaucratic models and flat organizational structures. People often imagine that equality among different ranks of workers is a natural state that need not be managed. However, this is not true. It is often difficult, particularly in organizations that embrace ‘

The Hyundai Group Essay Example for Free

The Hyundai Group Essay The strikes of 1987 found their main base amongst workers in heavy industry, especially in Ulsan, the centre of Hyundai’s operations in South Korea. I II. Background of the study The Pressure built up during the harsh years of military dictatorship, economic boom, and management style had caused several labor strikes. For thirty years, South Korea had been ruled by a military dictator and growing calls for democracy had echoed through the 1970s and early 80s. South Korea’s economic boom put Hyundai in a position wherein their strategy of low wages and hard work were no longer suffice in the face of rising competition from other developing nations and swelling demands from the country’s more independent youth generation. At Hyundai, employees viewed the owners’ style as authoritarian in which the consensus is what the boss says it is. Also, company had created an image that was unwilling to change with the times. IV. Point of view Chung Ju Yung: The founder of Hyundai, he is willing to tackle the impossible and unwilling to accept â€Å"no† from subordinates. Hyundai Workers: They want better working conditions and environment. They have been looked down on in Korea. They don’t have voices in management decisions and experienced erratic job schedules with lower wages. V. Objectives 1. To improve the management style and cope with changes along with time. 2. To address the dispute between the management of Hyundai and its workers, such that the result will provide a positive sum that will satisfy both parties’ concern. VI. SWOT analysis Strengths: 1.The Hyundai group makes a wide range of products. 2.The company’s chairman is very persistent. 3.Workers are disciplined, para-military, single-minded, and self-sufficient machine. 4.The company has a good reputation. 5.The company has low cost of production thereby low-priced products. Weaknesses: 1.Authoritarian leadership style 2.Top management is not committed to high-tech. 3.The company adopted paternalism corporate management. 4. Labor union issues Opportunities: 1.Large market share 2.Potential market for ASEAN Threats: 1.Rising competition 2.High dependency on exports 3.Technology gap to advanced countries VII. Alternative courses of action A.Go. Give an increase in labor wages by 28% and recognize labor union. Advantages: 1.Workers’ rights are protected. 2.Higher wages encourage employees to work. 3.Voices of employees are heard with the formation of labor union. Disadvantages: 1.Additional costs are incurred in the part of Hyundai. 2.Lessen the flexibility of workers. 3.Workers may demand follow-up increase in their wages. B. No Go. Do not give an increase in labor wages and do not recognize labor unions. Advantages: 1.No additional costs will be incurred regarding labor wages. 2.Employees cannot easily complain. Disadvantages: 1.Employees will continue their labor stike. 2.Employees remain unsatisfied with the current wage. 3.They will not be motivated to work hard. 4.The company’s operation will continue to be interrupted and demand for products is not met. C.Encourage participative management style, recognize labor union and increase workers’ wages and adjust working hours. Advantages: 1.Employees’ satisfaction and commitment to work. 2.With the formation of labor union, workers’ right are protected. 3.Participative management style allows the voices of employee to be heard. 4.Workers tend to be loyal to the organization. Disadvantages: 1.Costly. An increased in labor wages lessens company’s profit. 2.Shortening working hours reduce production output. 3.Labor unions can limit the flexibility of workforce. VIII. Recommendation Alternative C which is to encourage participative management style, recognize labor union and increase workers’ wages and adjust working hours is considered as the best alternative course of action. With this alternative, the demands of the workers are satisfied as well as those of the management. Participative management style allows the interchange of ideas between the management and workers. Workers’ rights are protected because of the formation of labor unions. Moreover, operations in Hyundai will be stabilized. IX. Conclusion Hyundai played a vital role in Korea’s economic development, and that was intricately interdependent with a number of other forces such as government, economic and non-economic factor. The authoritarian type of government greatly influenced businesses as shown in the management style of the Hyundai’s founder Chung Ju-Yung. The call for change in management style, higher salary increase and demand for respect caused the workers to rebel. Participative management style, creation of labor union, increased in wages and shortening working hours answer the said problem. The solution benefited the workers and the management. X. Courses of action Government actions are beyond the control of Hyundai’s management. The degree of respect demanded by workers varies individually.

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay

Public Relations Is A Corporate Communications Marketing Essay Public Relations is a corporate communications, usually referred to as PR or public relations, refer to the famous people, businesses, government, non-profit organizations and other organizations, to improve relations with the public,  promote public awareness of its order to establish a good image, to obtain public understanding and support. In the occupational, public relations organizations engaged in information dissemination, coordination and relationship management services of the image consulting, planning, and implementation and service management functions.  Including the election success of the organization created to reduce the impact of organizational failure, announced changes and so on.  And personal relationships in the traditional face similar.  In the marketing system, public relations is the only business organizations to build public trust in the tool. Since the division of labor in society is getting smaller, more show the importance of public relations to increase; many universities have set up public relations department for the community to develop different areas of public relations personnel. Public relations is an organization in order to achieve a specific  goal, between employees inside and outside the organization, the organization established a good relationship between the sciences. It is a conscious management activity.  Organization to establish good public relations, the need for good public relations planning to implement and achieve.  But now popular with the community a false notion, mistaken public relations as hostess or something like that, it is extremely detrimental to the science and art of public relations in Chinas development, the need for a comprehensive study and public relations, establishing the correct PR awareness. Public Relations notes that, in addition to the form of interaction between the European model is also reflected with the public and the public sphere, not only with the relationship, it can, in principle, is private, but also with public consequences of organizational behaviour.  A new interactive communication everywhere in the broader view of the use of the Internet, by Phillips and online public relations overview of youth in the second edition (2009), describes the form and the Internet-mediated nature of public relations.  It includes social media and communications and many other channels of communication platforms such as personal computers (PC), mobile phones and video game consoles and Internet access. Public relations are used to establish relationships with employees, customers, investors, voters, or the general public.  Almost any organization, how the portrayed in public shares to hire public relations level.  Under some public relations corporate communications, such as analyst relations, media relations, investor relations, internal communications and labor relations, banner down discipline. However marketing is individually or collectively through the trading of its products or create value to obtain the necessary things to achieve win-win or win-win process.  It contains two meanings, one is the verb to understand, refers to a specific activity or behaviour, then call it marketing or marketing management; the other is to understand terms, refers to the research enterprise marketing activities or conduct of disciplines,  call it marketing, marketing, or marketing and so on. Marketing is the study of the whole process of economic and social, is the transaction are marketing their respective areas of study, please note that I use the marketing, not marketing, marketing research over the entire transaction process, then the application  This research is for their own profit-making or marketing the business.  The whole process is very complex, which also derived from marketing research and development, market research, strategy, segmentation and so on, all this process as a whole, to ensure that marketing must be involved in all aspects of doing what they do, so  is the perfect marketing. For example innovative marketing strategy like service marketing, emotional marketing, green marketing, network marketing, relationship marketing and integrated marketing. i. The Organizations Publics Organization of public relations is public relations an important concept in the study.  Of relationship management theory emerged as a new model, increased public relations scholars point to the public nature of the relationship what is and what is its value in the organization and the greater society.  This relationship model provides a framework for public relations efforts and achievements of the link.   Succinctly defined as a public relations to help an organization meet its public one another. The other definition of public relations, pointed out that the protection and development of its features, how to goodwill or an organization or group to tell other organizations or bodies on its own  effect.  However, public relations involves more than words, it also requires an organization to take action.  Good public relations between the organizations are to reduce the effect of how we perceive ourselves and how others look at the gap outside the organization. Public relations are not only involved in an organization, its open two-way communication.  It needs to listen to the public of an organization depends on the analysis and understanding of the attitudes and behaviour, and the audience.  Only in this way, an organization for effective public relations campaign actions and words. Public relations involve many different types of audiences and organizations. Public relations is not only implemented by the companies and businesses, industry associations are also specific industries, professional associations, representatives on behalf of its members, and other nonprofits organizations and cities, countries, regions, and various government agencies. With these organizations for the public is quite diverse.  In the tissue type, they include its shareholders, investors, employees or members, customers and consumers, government regulators, media, and the communities in which it is located. ii. Addressing the Problem If we study some of the goals and objectives of public relations, obviously, this is a wide range of activities involving many different functions.  Ranked list of objectives, public relations, to establish, maintain and protect the reputation of the organization, enhance its reputation, and gives a good image.  Research shows that consumers often based on the reputation of their companys purchasing decisions, so to have a public relations companys sales and revenue implications.  Public relations can be a companys overall marketing strategy for the effective component. In the case of a for-profit companies, public relations and marketing may be coordinated to ensure that they are trying to achieve the same purpose. Another major goal is to establish good public relations for the organization.  This involves many other organizations with his public with interactive features such as employee relations, shareholder and investor relations, media relations, community relations, relationship, influence, or affected. Public Relations also have an educational component that can help them achieve the above goals.  Public relations education, some features may be many things the public about the organization, including educating them about the business, in general, new legislation, and how to use specific products, and to overcome misunderstandings and prejudices.  A non-profit organization may try to educate the public about a certain angle.  The trade association may carry out educational activities, especially the industry, its products and practices. Effective public relations require knowledge, based on the analysis and understanding of all factors, affect the perception and attitude of the organization.  Public relations activities of a particular development to follow these basic steps, which can be used as a cycle, beginning in the visualization of the organization, extending to the target audience and return to the organization. Although the specific public relations program or campaign may be active or passive manner, in both cases, the first basic steps, including analysis and research, to identify all the relevant factors of the situation.  Obtained in this step is the organization that affects the organizations views and the public involved in the understanding of the nature of the key factors. The second step, policy formation, the establishment of the first. Established organizations here, including the results of setting goals and expectations, and to restrict, the activities will operate a general policy.  To establish such policy guidelines, to assess the recommended strategies and tactics, as well as the overall campaign success. In the third step of the strategy and tactics are outlined.  The organization brought in here to play to their knowledge of their target audiences and develop in line with established policies, specific programs to achieve the desired objectives.  Then the organization is the fourth step, the actual preparation of the target public.  Specific public relations techniques, such as press conferences or special events, are used to reach the target audience. Until the public relations cycle has gone through in one direction from the organization point to its target audience.  Back loop in step five of the organization because it receives its public feedback.  Have their reaction to the movement of public relations? Whether there is some unexpected development?  Here, the organization listen to its public, and in the last step, evaluation of the program and make any necessary adjustments. Harvard Referencing Public Relations by Edward L. Bernays http://www.questia.com/library/communication/advertising-and-public-relations/public-relations.jsp http://www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/Define-Public-Relations.html Question Two Public relations manager and public relations executive, and sometimes only a title on the difference, the basic job duties belong to both the implementation and management.  This post is also more common in the public relations firm jobs, is the Public Relations Officer of the direct supervisor. In their daily work, public relations manager for the development and implementation of public relations to host major public relations programs and activities, with the relevant departments, corporate communications; but also according to the needs of customers assist in developing public relations strategies and tactics.  PR based on customer needs to determine the objectives, establish a good relationship with the media; In addition, the ability to handle the event is also essential, so as to give full play to the role of public relations. The Public Relations Manager in a local international hotel are specify for the media and the public field survey documents, and organizing press conferences and other activities.  More experienced public relations specialists to write press releases and speeches and coordinated public relations program.  In a small company will provide a big company than a more diversified work experience.  As a public relations expert to gain more experience, he or she can be promoted to management positions, including orders, account manager, senior account manager, account manager, vice president. The PR also do research abroad, the major source markets, analyze the structure and dynamics of the tourism market. And domestic travel agencies and tourist market in regular contact and obtain costumer. Conduct and tourism, foreign affairs, information and economic departments, organizations and participation in favour of the hotel public relations promotional activities to expand the hotels popularity. After that PR also will keeping with the hotels foreign offices and regular contact between foreign travel agencies, timely collection of information, marketing strategies. Besides that, PR also develops marketing plans and expansion of the hotel marketing plan with assistant and the marketing department. Organization and handling associated with advertising and promotional coming soon at hotel campaign to increase market awareness. Received from domestic and international aspects of the rooms and restaurant reservations and booking to make detailed arrangements. Strengthen hotel liaison between internal departments to ensure sales and booking procedures according to different smooth reception. Remain with the team leader, and tour guides links guests to the hotel directly to obtain advice or recommendations. Employees are the most important public one, with ongoing public relations program is to maintain the goodwill of employees, and employees to maintain the companys image and reputation.  A good employee relations program, in essence, let the staff know and provide channels of communication, management level. Bechtel Group, the privately held operating company complex, to express their employees, makes them the operation of the companys annual report.  The company used employee surveys to determine what information employees considered to be useful. Range of other communications equipment for use, including the tabloids and magazines, monthly, quarterly video magazine, local newsletters, bulletin boards, a telephone call, brown bag lunch in a live demonstration of the companies.  Proposed system, which originated in the Second World War, is another effective way to improve the management of employee communication. So hotel PR Manager is communicated with employee in order to pro mote good relations. Harvard Referencing http://www.answers.com/topic/public-relations Everything you should know about public relations: direct answers to over 500 questions by Anthony Davis. Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practical of Public Relation by John A. Ledingham, Stephen D. Bruning.

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay

Performance Of Wells Turbine Engineering Essay ABSTRACT A Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages in comparison with conventional turbines: relative low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. In this case, the performance of wells turbine is studied on computational analysis by changing aerofoils and providing different angle of incidence for the improvement of the turbines performance. Study is based on analysing the flow of air on turbine using computational analysis at steady condition. 1 INTRODUCTION: The Ozone depletion and global warming have altered the international community and urged the need for more focus on alternative green sources of energy. Ocean wave energy is one of the renewable forms of energy which can be utilized in response to the disturbing prospect of an exhaustible source of energy. Several wave energy devices being studied under many wave energy programs make use of the principle of the oscillating water column (OWC).Potentially; the most successful device used in harnessing on wave energy has been the OWC wave energy converter. The OWC chamber, either floating or bottom standing, with the immersed end opened to the action of the sea. A reciprocating airflow is created by the action of the free surface of the water within the chamber. The conversion of this airflow into mechanical energy may be achieved by a number of devices like:- A. TAPCHAN: The TAPCHAN comprises a gradually narrowing channel with wall heights typically 3 to 5 m above mean water level. The waves enter the wide end of the channel and, as they propagate down the narrowing channel, the wave height is amplified until the wave crests spill over the walls to a reservoir which provides a stable water supply to a conventional low head turbine. The requirements of low tidal range and suitable shoreline limit the world-wide installation of this device. Fig (a) TAPERED CHANNEL[1] (TAPCHAN)http://re.emsd.gov.hk/english/other/marine/images/marine_tech_010_2.gif B. PENDULOR: The PENDULOR device consists of a rectangular box, which is open to the sea at one end. A pendulum flap is hinged over this opening, so that the action of the waves causes it to swing back and forth. This motion is then used to power a hydraulic pump and generator.http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ7yge9ouptnhszDgsXGA_gCvAXKqbo78BeXZHFFtPB89433p0p Fig (b) PEDULOR [2] C. WELLS TURBINE: The Wells turbine is one of the most suitable air turbines for energy conversion from oscillating air flow. . A schematic view of the OWC device with a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. c. The Wells turbine is an axial flow air turbine. It consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades set around a hub. As waves Impinge on the device, they cause the water column to rise and fall in the air chamber, which alternately compresses and depressurized the trapped air. This air is allowed to flow to and from the atmosphere through a turbine which drives an electric generator.http://www.aussiestockforums.com/forums/attachment.php?attachmentid=9213stc=1d=1180172232 Fig (c) WELLS TURBINE[3] Fig. 1.1: Schematic of the Three Major shoreline Devices The Wells turbine is a self-rectifying air turbine which is expected to be widely used in wave energy devices with the OWC (Raghunathan, 1995) .It can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. The Wells turbines for wave power conversion have less efficiency. To increase the efficiency is the major quest all over the world, the flow of air through the wells turbine impeller is carried out in this project by using different size impeller and introducing biplane i.e. two rows of symmetrical aerofoil blades. 1.1 WAVE RESOURCEShttp://www.oceanenergy.ie/images/world-map.jpg Fig. 1.2: Global Distribution of Deep Water Wave power levels in kW/m crest length[4] Despite the climate change phenomena, the world resource for wave remains very much as shown in fig. 1.2 by Dr Tom Thorpe [5]. The highest energy waves are concentrated off the western coasts in the 40o-60o latitude range north and south. The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas between 30 and 70kW/m with peaks to 100kW/m in the Atlantic SW of Ireland, the Southern Ocean and off Cape Horn. The capability to supply electricity from this resource is such that, if harnessed appropriately, 10% of the current level of world supply could be provided [4] PERIOD AMPLITUDE POWER DENSITY VELOCITY (m/s) WAVELENGTH (sec) (m) (kW/m) (m) Storm 14 14 1700 23 320 Average 9 3.5 60 15 150 Calm 5.5 0.5 1 9 50 Fig: 1.3 Tthe nautral and technical wave energy resource for the north and west side of the UK[6] The techinical resource is dependent on the nautral conditions like the shape of the rock and location i.e beaches and gullies. The wave energy at calm sea is considered in this project. 1.2 WELLS TURBINE The monoplane Wells turbine i.e. the basic Wells turbine consists of several symmetrical aerofoil blades (NACA four digit series) set around a hub at 90 degrees with respect to the airflow. Since its an invention by Prof. A.A. Wells in 1976, most researchers have focused on improving its efficiency and its range of efficient operation. In fact, compared to other conventional air turbines (e.g. Francis turbine) the Wells turbine has a lower efficiency and a narrow operational region. Nevertheless, it can extract power at low airflow rate, when other turbines would be inefficient. Fig. 1.4: Schematic of the Monoplane Wells Turbine[7] A schematic diagram of a Wells turbine is shown in Fig. 1.4. At first sight the arrangement might seem to be unlikely means of energy conversion. However, once the blades have attained design speed the turbine is capable of producing a time-averaged positive power output from the cyclically reversing airflow with a fairly high efficiency. Wells turbine has low efficiency and poor starting characteristics. The Biplane Wells turbine: Muhammad Mamun in the Study on the Hysteretic Characteristics of the Wells Turbine in a Deep Stall Condition says the pressure drop across a mono-plane Wells turbine above is proportional to the square of the tip speed which has to be limited if transonic effects are to avoided. For wave energy devices which produce significantly larger pressure drops than the limit for a single plane turbine a biplane turbine can be used Fig. 1.5: Schematic of the Biplane Wells [7] It has certain advantages over the conventional monoplane Wells turbine as follows: I. It can operate under high loading. II. It can absorb higher wave power than the monoplane turbine if the diameter and rotational speed of the turbine are kept constant. III. The design speed is lower than that of the monoplane for the same loading. IV. It avoids the use of guide vanes and therefore the turbine would require less maintenance and repairs. [7] 1.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The principle of operation of Wells turbine is based on the classical aerofoil theory. According to the classical aerofoil theory, an aerofoil which is set at an angle of incidence ÃŽÂ ± in a fluid flow generates a lift force L normal to the free stream. The aerofoil also experiences a drag force D in the direction of the free stream (relative velocity). These lift and drag forces can be resolved into tangential (in the plane of rotation) and axial (normal to the plane of rotation) components FT and FA respectively. Fig. 1.6 Notation for determining lift, drag, and axial and tangential forces on An aerofoil[7] Resulting expression for axial and tangential forces FA = LcosÃŽÂ ± + DsinÃŽÂ ± FT = LsinÃŽÂ ± DcosÃŽÂ ± The axial force is absorbed but the turbine while the tangential force causes the turbine to rotate. For a symmetrical airfoil the direction of tangential force is the same for both positive and negative values of ÃŽÂ ±. Therefore, the direction of rotation of the rotor is independent of airflow direction. 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT Simulation of air flow through wells turbine impeller by means of numerical method using a CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) called FLUENT and check the flow process of different parameters and the factors affecting the differences. Since wells turbine is a low efficiency turbine to increase the efficiency of Wells turbine is the other aim. Path followed to meet the requirements is first calculation of efficiency theoretically. Simulating a modified design by using different angle of incidence and making biplane i.e. two rows. Comparing the results of different model and selecting the suitable design. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW: 3.1 Types of CFD PROCESS USED: Commercial CFD code: FLUENT, Star-CD, FLOW-3D, CFX/AEA, etc. Research CFD code: Self-developed Public domain software (PHI3D, HYDRO, and WinpipeD, etc.) Other CFD software includes the Grid generation software (e.g. Gridgen, Gambit) and flow visualization software (e.g. Tecplot, FieldView) Commercial CFD code FLUENT is used in this project. 3.2 General working on CFD Table3.1: CFD working layout The Processes shown in the table 3.1 is divided into pre- process and post- process viz. GAMBIET AND FLUENT General sequence of GAMBIT operations Initial setup Solver selection, Mesh size, Defaults, etc. Geometry creation (ACIS, IGES or Mesh import) Create full geometry Decompose into mesh-able sections Meshing Local meshing: Edge and Boundary layers Global meshing: Face and/or Volume Mesh examination Zone assignment Continuum and Boundary attachment Mesh export General sequence of FLUENT operations Selection of appropriate models. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc. Define material properties Fluid Solid Mixture Prescribe operating conditions Prescribe boundary conditions at all boundaru zones Provide and initial solution Set up solver controls Set up convergence monitors 3.3 Grid generation: Grid generation is one of the key elements in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFC). It has now become a fairly common tool for use in the numerical solution of partial differential equations on arbitrarily shaped regions. The numerical solution of partial differential equations requires some discretization of the field into a collection of points (nodes) or elemental volumes (cells). The differential equations are approximated by a set of algebraic equations on this collection, and this system of algebraic equations is then solved to produce a set of discrete values which approximates the solution of the partial differential system over the field. The practice of discretizing the physical domain into a finite number of elements is called as grid generation. 3.4 Grid topologies Generally, the governing equations may be transformed into finite element, finite difference, or finite volume equations. The cell types supported by FLUENT are followed as: triangular and quadrilateral cells in 2D are accepted, and in 3D, tetrahedral, hexahedral, wedge, and pyramid cells can be used FIG3.2: Different types of grids Structured versus Unstructured Grids The section presents a brief description of grid generation. The grid generation techniques available at present fall into two categories, namely: a) structured grid generation and b) unstructured grid generation. The structured grid generation techniques are based on the transformation of the complex physical domain into a simple computational domain, which is often chosen to be rectangular in shape (quadrilateral and hexahedron). The unstructured grid generations have been used with FEM (finite element method) procedure only, whereas structured grids have general applicability.[7] . 3.5 Types of structured grid In FLUENT, both single-block and multi-block structured meshes are acceptable, as well as hybrid meshes containing quadrilateral and triangular or hexahedral, tetrahedral, pyramid, and wedge cells Multiple Block Sometimes, it is possible to combine several structured computational meshes together to fit the physical domain. Multi- locking has the advantage of the speed of a structured solver, without as many mapping constraints apparent in single block meshes. Single Block In this technique, one computational grid is mapped to fit the whole physical domain. For even moderately complex shapes, it may be practically impossible to define a transformation which will map the outer surface of the computational domain to the required physical shape, while ensuring that the resulting grid has desirable attributes of smoothness.[7] 3.6 Mesh quality The quality of mesh plays a significant role in the accuracy and stability of the numerical simulations. The attributes associated with mesh quality are density of node, cell shape, smoothness and flow-field dependency. In many cases, poor resolution in critical regions can dramatically alter the flow characteristics. 3.7 The Capabilities of FLUENT This section provides a brief introduction to FLUENT and an explanation of its capabilities [10].FLUENT used in this project is a commercial code and a state-of-the-art computer program for modelling single and multiphase flows, heat and mass transfer, chemical reaction phenomena, and etc. in complex geometries. This code includes following components; FLUENT, the flow solver; GAMBIT, the pre-processor for geometry modelling and mesh generation; pre-PD, and etc. FLUENT solver utilizes a finite-volume, pressure-based, multiphase space marching method (SIMPLE algorithm), for solving the governing integral equations for conservation of mass and momentum, and for energy and other scalars such as turbulence and chemical species. It has the following modelling capabilities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flows in 2D or 3D geometries using triangular/tetrahedral, quadrilateral/hexahedral, or mixed (hybrid) grids that include prisms (wedges) or pyramids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In compressible or compressible flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Steady-state or transient analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Laminar and turbulent flows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Convective heat transfer, including natural or forced convection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coupled conduction/convective heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Radiation heat transfer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inertial (stationary) or non-inertial (rotating) reference frame models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiple moving reference frames, including sliding mesh interfaces and mixing planes for rotor/stator interaction modelling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Chemical species mixing and reaction, including combustion sub models and surface deposition reaction models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Arbitrary volumetric sources of heat, mass, momentum, turbulence, and chemical species à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flow through porous media à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ One-dimensional fan/heat-exchanger performance models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-phase flows, including cavitations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Free-surface flows with complex surface shapes FLUENT can provides a number of boundary conditions, including: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Velocity or Pressure Driven Inlets/Outlets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Stationary or Moving Walls, with or without Friction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Periodic Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Symmetry Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Pressure Far-filed Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Outflow Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inlet/Outlet Vent Boundary Conditions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intake/Exhaust Fan Boundary Conditions As the Well turbine has a complex geometry for modelling, a large number of modelling capabilities are required of the CFD code for the turbine. FLUENT can incorporates all of these capabilities, and is most suitable for modelling the Wells turbine.[10] 4 ANALYSIS OF TASK 4.1 Theoretical calculation: The dimension used in this project is of prototype obtained from others experimental work, the model is designed and simulated by using the two different models shown in the table below. a [8] b[9] Table 4.1 Dimension of wells turbine The theoretical calculation of efficiency is done using the above two different dimension, the method used to calculate the efficiency is shown below. CALCULATION FOR EFFICIENCY: Similarly, CALCULATION AT 4 DEGREE ANGLE OF ATTACK: At ÃŽÂ ±= 4 degree The table below shows a calculated efficiency at different angle of attack calculated using the format shown above. ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 42.45 1221641.45 0.40 0.01 21.86 5.00 0.09 114.74 42.39 977760.01 0.50 0.01 23.81 6.00 0.10 95.67 42.32 815255.46 0.60 0.01 25.18 7.00 0.12 82.06 42.24 699252.15 0.70 0.01 26.02 8.00 0.14 71.85 42.14 612312.29 0.80 0.01 26.44 9.00 0.16 63.92 42.03 544748.24 0.90 0.01 26.73 10.00 0.17 57.59 41.91 490747.45 1.00 0.01 26.78 11.00 0.19 52.41 41.77 446611.02 1.10 0.01 26.96 12.00 0.21 48.10 41.62 409873.06 1.20 0.02 26.97 13.00 0.23 44.45 41.46 378826.41 1.30 0.02 26.89 14.00 0.24 41.34 41.29 352251.70 1.40 0.02 26.90 15.00 0.26 38.64 41.10 329254.75 1.30 0.02 23.38 Table 4.2 : Efficiency at different angle Using the values of efficiency and the angle of attack from the above table (4.2) a direct relation between efficiency and the angle of attack is obtained which can be seen in the graph below (fig 4.3). Usig a Trendline option in Microsoft Excel an equation of direct relation between angle of attack and efficiency is obtained. The equation shown in the graph is a sixth order equation which is difficult to differentiate to obtained the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum,so a 2nd order equation is obtained from trendline option. Differentiating the equation gives the value of an angle at which the efficiency is max. From this procedure 12 degree is the calculated angle obtained at which the efficiency is max. Fig 4.3: Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 when x = 12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 25.98 % After substituting the value on angle obtained for maximum efficiency a difference between the two values is found and it is due to the R squared value. More closer the value of R square to unity more accurate results can be obtained. Equations obtained from Microsoft Excel at different orders are shown below:- Order 2 y = -0.12842 + 1.8889x + 20.336 R ² = 0.8797 Order 3 y = -0.00383 0.05482 + 1.4909x + 20.851 R ² = 0.8848 Order 4 y = -0.00524 + 0.13263 1.22762 + 5.2125x + 17.578 R ² = 0.9636 Order 5 y = -0.0015 + 0.02864 0.26813 + 0.86162 + 0.6489x + 20.649 R ² = 0.9869 Order 6 y = -0.00026 + 0.00785 0.10484 + 0.70883 2.70462 + 6.5617x + 17.369 R ² = 0.9945 Similarly using the dimension in table 4.1 (b) the calculated efficiency is show below ÃŽÂ ±(degree) ÃŽÂ ±(radians) W(relative velocity) à Ã¢â‚¬ °(rads/sec) Re Cl Cd ÃŽÂ · 4.00 0.07 143.36 78.24 916231.00 0.40 0.01 53.72 5.00 0.09 114.74 78.13 733319.93 0.50 0.01 58.49 6.00 0.10 95.67 78.00 611441.53 0.60 0.01 61.87 7.00 0.12 82.06 77.85 524439.06 0.70 0.01 63.93 8.00 0.14 71.85 77.67 459234.17 0.80 0.01 64.96 9.00 0.16 63.92 77.47 408561.14 0.90 0.01 65.68 10.00 0.17 57.59 77.24 368060.55 1.00 0.01 65.80 11.00 0.19 52.41 76.99 334958.23 1.10 0.01 66.24 12.00 0.21 48.10 76.72 307404.76 1.20 0.02 66.28 13.00 0.23 44.45 76.42 284119.78 1.30 0.02 66.07 14.00 0.24 41.34 76.10 264188.75 1.40 0.02 66.10 15.00 0.26 38.64 75.76 246941.04 1.30 0.02 57.46 TABLE 4.4: Efficiency at different angles Similarly in this case a graphical representation of Angle of Attack Vs. Efficiency is obtained which can be seen below and the equation represents a direct relation between efficiency and angle of attack. Fig 4.5 : Efficiency Vs. Angle of Attack Order 6 y = -0.00066 + 0.02925 0.62024 + 6.85633 42.0712 + 139.39x 138.43 R ² = 0.9945 when x =12 y = ÃŽÂ · = 64.24% Similarly using the order 2 equation to find the angle at which the efficiency will be maximum. The calculate angle using the same procedure as above is 12 degree at which the efficiency is maximum. . 4.2 Gambiet (Pre Processing):- The figure below shows an impeller of wells turbine designed with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and using the dimension from the table 4.1 (a). Fig 4.6: Impeller of wells turbine Creating a model using gambiet and then meshing the geometry for which meshing size is selected based on the Reynolds number. Since the Reynolds number lies in the transational flow at the angle in which the efficiency is maximum,using turbulence boundary layer formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ =0.00269 The thicknes of boundary layer is 0.003 m. The mesh size comes to be 0.001m to get three elements in one layer to get fine meshing. In case of 3-Dimensional model the mesh elemet used is Tet/Hybrid. Checking the meshing quality the Aspect Ratio lies between 1 to 4. Boundary conditions is given for impeller is moving wall and interfaces is decided so that the fluid can be rotated within this volume. The mesh is exported for post processing in Fluent 4.3 Fluent (Post Processing) Steps used in fluent is as follows: Step 1 Opening the case file Step 2 Defining the grid interfaces Step 3 Grid check Step 4 Defining model as viscous and using K-epsilon (2 equation ) Step 5 Defining boundary condition In boundary condition fluid within the impeller is made to rotate at 40 rads/sec. The impeller is a moving wall rotating relative to cell zone at 0 rads/sec. Inlet velocity is 10 m/sec and the turbulence method selected is intensity and hydraulic cylinder. Step 6 Solution is converged after ilteraion 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results shown below contains pressure contours, velocity vectors and pathlines at different cros-section of the models designed using the dimension from table 4.1 (a). Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 0 and 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2 degree(+) angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Biplane models Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidece and inlet from top Model with blades at 0 degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from top Model with blades at 2(+)and 2(-) degree angle of incidence and inlet flow from bottom Comparing the above graphical results under a range of 0-400 for comparison except the last two model. The table below shows the value of dynamic pressure (max) in Pascals of above design. From the table it can be seen that the introduction of two rows provides a better result in terms of dynamic pressure. After giving the installatoin angle the maximun dynamic pressure obtained is 1176 pascals by which we can say that the two rows impeller with and an installaition angle is better than the single rows . Assumptions: Various assumptions made to carry out the simulation is as follows: PATHLINES OF PARTICLES ON IMPELLER: AOA 0 INLET FROM TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 AND 2 DEGREE DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM TWO ROWS AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA 0 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT TOP AOA +2 -2 DEGREE INLET AT BOTTOM The results shown below is of the dimension used from table 4.1 (b). modelling of the wells turbine is divided into two parts theoretical and practical

the banshee :: essays research papers fc

Beltane Essay Beltane is the last of the three spring fertility festivals. Beltane is the second principal Celtic festival (the other being Samhain). Celebrated approximately halfway between spring equinox and the midsummer (Summer Solstice). Beltane traditionally marked the arrival if summer in ancient times. At Beltane the Pleiades star cluster rises just before sunrise on the morning horizon. The Pleiades is a cluster of seven closely placed stars, the seven sisters, in the constellation of Taurus, near his shoulder. When looking for the Pleiades with the naked eye, remember it looks like a tiny dipper-shaped pattern of six moderately bright star in the constellation of Taurus. It stands very low in the east-northeast sky for just a few minutes before sunrise. Beltane, and its counterpart Samhain, divide the year into its two primary seasons, winter (Dark Part) and summer (Light Part). As Samhain is about honouring Death, Beltane is about honouring Life. It is the time when the sun is fully released from his bondage of winter and able to rule over summer and life once again. It is a time of "no time" when the veils between the two worlds are at their thinnest. No time is when the two worlds intermingle and unite and the magic abounds! It is the time when the Faeries return from their winter respite, carefree and full of faery mischief and faery delight. On the night before Beltane, in times past, folks would place rowan branches at their windows and doors for protection, many otherworldly occurrences could transpire during this time of "no time". Traditionally on the Isle of Man, the youngest member of the family gathers primroses on the eve before Beltane and throws the flowers at the door of the home for protection. In Ireland it is believed that food left over from May Eve must not be eaten, but rather buried or left as an offering to the faery instead. Much like the tradition of leaving of whatever is not harvested from the fields on Samhain, food on the time of no time is treated with great care. When the veils are so thin it is an extremely magical time, it is said that the Queen of the Faeries rides out on her white horse. Roving about on Beltane eve She will try to entice people away to the Faeryland. Legend has it that if you sit beneath a tree on Beltane night, you may see the Faery Queen or hear the sound of Her horse's bells as She rides through the night.

William Goldings Animal Farm :: William Golding Animal Farm Essays

William Golding's Animal Farm On the first page of the book there is immediately a link to the adult world and the civilization that has been adapted there. There is a reference to the "Home Counties". This shows that already, the writer is telling the reader of the links that may be made throughout the book about the adult world and its comparisons to the life in the jungle. Societies operate in many different ways and there are many factors that influence this fact. In the book Golding tries to highlight what these factors are and how they cause disruption and peace within a society. By approaching this from different angles the reader is able to get a better outline of what Golding is trying to represent and can therefore fully appreciate the wonders of his writings. One of the angles that he approaches the way societies operate from is by using the leader as an example. Throughout the duration of the book there is a feeling of complete rivalry as the two main contenders 'fight' for the right to be the leader of all other boys on the island. Jack and Ralph are constantly attempting to better one anther but in ways that only they can fulfill. In the first chapter of the book the reader sees a very democratic system employed by the boys. This is to elect a leader and therefore a fair vote is counted. Despite this being the fairest possible way of concluding a leader Jack is not at all happy with the outcome. "and the freckles on Jack's face disappeared under a blush of mortification". This shows that Jack expected to be elected as the chief of the group. As Ralph could see that that Jack was upset by the outcome of this election he immediately offered Jack the control of the choir. In foresight this could be one of the worst things that was accidentally and un-intentionally done by Ralph. This is because there is an instantaneous division of the two groups, which later on destroy all form of civilization that has been built. From this initial decision to elect Ralph as the leader there is a bitter rivalry built up between him and Jack Merridew, leader of the choir/hunters. The main reason for this is Jack's jealousy overcoming him. He does not realize that his authority in the adult world does not necessarily transfer onto the island where normal rules do not apply and it is just a matter of survival. Because of this contention between Ralph and Jack matters start to become worse and the whole fiasco spirals out of

Epistemology: Scientific Method and Knowledge Essay

Epistemology can be difficult to understand and maybe even harder to say. The short answer is that epistemology is the theory of knowledge. Perhaps that is too short of an answer, allow me expand. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with questions concerning the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge. Even these concepts can be foreign to the common public. The nature of knowledge is basically the qualities that constitute knowledge. One would find this answer by asking â€Å"What is knowledge? † The scope of knowledge sets the limits on what is knowledge and is a belief, hypothesis, or guess. A person must prove knowledge. Suppose I generated a completely random number and I asked you what number I was thinking of. If you stated the correct number, does that mean you knew what I was thinking? The source of knowledge covers how we attain our knowledge. Now that we have established a basic understanding of epistemology, we can cover a few of the major schools of thought. When you think about a persons reasoning process, some people divide a persons thoughts into rational and irrational. If you are one of these people, you would use a deductive method of reasoning. You would also be considered a rationalist. As a rationalist, you believe that you can know things for certain even if you have never experienced it yourself. If you wanted to know which object would hit the ground first, when given two objects with different masses, you could take what you know about physics and figure it out without ever having to actually perform the experiment. There is another group that uses deductive reasoning but argue â€Å"all ideas trace ultimately back to experiences, such as perceptions and emotions. â€Å"(IEP, par. 2) These are the empiricists. These individuals claimed that if we didn’t have any experiences, we would have nothing to base our ideas off of. Taking a look back at the example above, you can see that we must know something about gravity. Our ideas on gravity stemmed from the observations of people like Newton. You can now see, through a little bit of deductive reasoning, how they believe everything is inductive. Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher who attempted to combine rationalism and empiricism. It is called the â€Å"form and matter† epistemology. (Quine par 5) The idea is that you need to take into account your experiences and use deductive reasoning. Quine uses a metaphor involving the statue of Abraham Lincoln. Quine says â€Å"A statue can have a form such as Abraham Lincoln and a matter such as marble; you need both a form and a matter to have a statue. So in knowledge you need a form, which are categories of the mind, and matter which are the data of sensations. † What I understand of this is that you cannot experience everything in life so you must use deductive reasoning, but you must experience some things to have a basis for your knowledge. Skepticism is just as it sounds, to doubt. You may be familiar with the statement â€Å"I think, therefore I am† but may not know what it means, who stated it, and why it was ever said, and how it relates to skepticism. Descartes was looking for a way to prove truths by disproving everything else. He used two conjectures, the dream conjecture and the evil demon conjecture. The dream conjecture utilized the fact that the truth could be a figment of the imagination. The evil demon conjecture posed the idea that a malevolent force was distorting reality. Descartes used these two as tools. If a truth could pass these two filters, then indeed it was the truth. What he discovered was that a person could doubt everything except one truth: â€Å"I think, therefore I am† Here’s how it passed the test. A person must exist to be able to think. To doubt something requires thought. So the act of doubting your own existence proves that you exist. This was a great discovery but Descartes was troubled with other questions. Descartes found it difficult to make the mind-body connection. That is, the mind is immaterial and the body is physical, how can something immaterial move something that is material. Parallelism was proposed as a solution. Simply put, the mind does not move the arm, the act of willing the arm to move only appears to make the arm move. Two events happen in parallel, the act of willing the arm to move and the arm actually moving. How does it just so happen that these to events happen at precisely the same time? Occasionalism, a variant of parallelism, was offered. A person wills their arm to move and on that occasion a divine power causes the arm to move. Many theories have been set forth, some a little harder to grasp or understand than the others. From the examples above you may begin to understand what epistemology is. You can grasp parts from the short stories above that help explain the nature, scope, and sources of knowledge. Depending on your  position, all of this information presented could not even be true. You may not really be reading this. You may not even exist, do you doubt it? Works Cited http://pantheon. yale. edu http://www. london-oratory. org/philosophy W. V. O. Quine. Epistemology. 23 Mar 2004 The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Continental Rationalism. 23 Mar 2004 Chapter 6-Philosophy-The Rise of Modern Metaphysics and Epistemology Chapter 7-Philosophy-The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries Epistemology-University of Phoenix Faculty Material.

Types of Buckling

Types of Buckling Engineering is one discipline that is based on several different phenomenon and concepts. Each concept in engineering is as important as other and they all work together to give rise to some new techniques. One phenomenon that is extremely beneficial and widely used in engineering and science is buckling. Buckling is nothing but a phenomenon of mathematical instability, which leads to a special failure mode. When a system in equilibrium is subjected to additional load, it buckles down and gets deformed.This deformation is what is known as buckling. There are several different types of buckling that can take place in objects and those are described as below. Flexural buckling is a special form of buckling that takes place in a special compression member facing a deflection because of the bending of flexure. It occurs mostly in a straight column when the stable equilibrium gets distorted at the critical load. The buckling is shown to occur mainly at the axis and demon strates significantly small radius of gyration.There are different types of flexural buckling that can take place in objects and different equations can be employed for determining the load and the extent of buckling caused due to the same. Lateral buckling is also commonly observed in objects when the deflection goes out of the plane in which the object is functioning at a given time. Any load on the object that leads to the bending in it along the given strong axis, the object is shown to go out of plane and such buckling is known as lateral buckling.The critical value of the applied moment is shown to lead to cause several different out-of-plane displacements in the straight elastic beam. Torsional buckling is yet another type of buckling that commonly takes place in the plates. This particular buckling is very common in the members that are double-symmetric in nature and also simultaneously lead to the occurrence of extremely slender cross-sectional elements. This buckling never occurs in the rolled sections and takes place in the built-up sections.Torsional buckling is combined with flexural buckling to give rise to another type of buckling known as flexural-torsional buckling. This combined form of buckling is shown to take place mostly in the objects that exhibit unsymmetrical cross-section with only one single axis of symmetry. This special case takes place when there is a simultaneous bending and twisting of the object, thus leading to significant deflections.Buckling can take place in different types of objects, including plastic, pipes and pressure vessels. Engineers carry out different studies for determining the level of buckling and there are several equations and numerical models that help in defining and examining the buckling level so that appropriate measures can be taken to minimize destruction. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan Essay

This essay will emphasize on whether or not the author of the story, â€Å"A Visit from the Goon Squad†, Jennifer Egan, thinks that adult behavior is shaped by one’s youth. The essay will focus on discussing the view of the author concerning whether one’s youth is responsible for shaping his or her adult behaviors. The author has taken time to show her feelings and connections in relation to ones youthful experiences and their ultimate old age. In the short story, the connections between the characters are all based on the fact that they were all friends and had connections to each other in the past. The connection is still there many years later. The story revolves around elaborating the lives of key characters so as to show that the author supports the notion one’s youth is responsible for shaping his or her adult behaviors. The one factor that has changed is how they perceive themselves and the journey that they have taken. This is because they are all at the story begins with great emphasis on Bennie. Salazar has been a music producer for a very long time. He has met very many people in his life and he has helped them produce the music that they were interested in, rock and roll. At the time, it was the genre of music that had the power to communicate to very many people. The connect ion to Sasha is drawn from the fact that Bennie hired her to work for him a very long time ago. The journey for both of them has been long and tiring. In A Visit from the Goon Squad, Jennifer Egan notes that each and every character is as a result of the journey that he or she took during their youth. This has shaped their thoughts, opinions and all the things that make them who they are in the novel. The term goon has been used to denote the silent robber that has reversed the general perception of the timeline that family, friends, acquaintances and loved ones had together. At each and every step, the author shows that the negative thoughts and sentiments represented are as a result of the difficult years that they have had to go through. â€Å"Times a goon, right? The sentiments presented show that the progress of each and every character may not be where they intended it to be. This is because of the very many things that they have experienced. Sasha has lived a life where she went from being a runaway in a foreign country who had battled with theft urges to a prostitute and many other emotional destabilizing factors. She also has a problem of kleptomania. This is represented by the fact that she grew up in a very violent home. The aspects of the things that she did all her life were a representation of what she had witnessed while goring up. As much as Bennie had hired her, there were very many secrets between the two as they rarely discussed their personal life. There are a lot of twists and turns with their relationship because Sasha sleeps with a young man named Alex. Bennie came to hire Alex to engineer the comeback of Scott, Bennie’s high school friend. The author therefore shows that Sasha has hardly changed the behaviors that she had as a youth. She is still doing the same things that she did when she was young. For example, the author notes that, â€Å"Sasha lived in a foreign country where she battled with urges of theft and being a prostitute†. She has not changed most of these behaviors because the author notes that she still has a problem with kleptomania. She also sleeps with a young man named Alex. The story by the author focuses on a few key characters that seem to reappear more frequently than the other characters. These are the characters that have been mentioned above such as Bennie and Lou. Lou has been described by the author as a coke-snorting music producer who loves to seduce teenage girls. Lou slowly became the mentor of Bennie, who was simply seen as a young and untalented bass player. The author has depicted most of the characters as being the same throughout the novel. For example, Lou used to snort coke and seduce teenage girls. This tells us a lot about his character. In the story, he is later described as a pimp who convinces young and under age Jocelyn to accompany him to Los Angeles. Lou is even seen imparting his theories about women to his son Rolph who is only eleven years old. This is evident when he takes his mistress and his two young children on a tour to Africa. Bennie is later depicted as an aging executive for rock music. The characters that he depicted as a youth are the same characters that he has now. This shows that his adult behaviors have been shaped by his youth. The author has used characters who are self destructive so as to show how one’s character can lead to their own destruction. As characters such as Bennie, Sasha and Lou grow older, fate is seen to lead them in directions they did not intend to go. This shows that they had no control over who they turned up to be. They are simply a product of what they were during their youth. Another way that the author has used to show the world that one’s adult behaviors are shaped by the youth is through shifting the story back and forth in time. The author has used different timelines. For example, the author has depicted some of the characters in the late sixties through music that was popular at that time. The author then shifts to present day and also the near future so as to show us the similarities and differences in the characters during that period of time. The main aim of doing this by the author is to show that most of the characters have not changed and they are not about to change in the near future. Conclusion In conclusion, the author supports the idea that one’s youth shapes his or her adult behaviors. Jennifer Egan has managed to do a great job of creating underdog characters that are self destructive and bring themselves down. I agree with the author that one’s behavior during adulthood has a lot to do with how they were during their youth. The characters that have been reviewed in this story have been seen to remain the same from their youth to their adulthood. This can be used as evidence that one’s youth indeed shapes their behaviors as adults. Characters like Lou, Bennie and Sasha have not changed throughout the story.

Single Fathers Versus Single Mothers

Single Fathers The Single Fathers versus Single Mothers First Name Last Name College / University you are enrolled at Professor’s Name Subject The Single Fathers versus Single Mothers The plight of single mothers has been all too familiar in the recent years. Social services have been tailored made to cater to their needs. It is with them that our society sympathizes. Then again, we seem to have forgotten that while there is a single mother, there is the single father who suffers just the same. He is that other part of the whole.He also has his own rights, needs and story that deserves to get noticed and paid attention to. Indeed, he too matters and that is for sure. The number of single fathers in the United States registered to about 2. 5 million by the year 2007. Of the 2. 5 million, 40 % of them are divorced, 4% are widowed and the remaining 16 % are separated. Eight percent of the population rears three or more children below 18 years of age. About 14 % of this population has been not been living in their own homes.The annual income of 27 % of these families amounts to about $ 50,000 or more (Information Please Database, 2007). This has been a big population boost as way back in 1970, single mothers account to about 90 % of the single family population while single fathers only numbers to 400,000 (Gillenkirk, 2000). The American family is a lot different now. More and more fathers left to rear their children after a break up are starting to out number the single mother population, almost twice as much. More than 2 million, which is about one – fifth of the population of single parents today, are single fathers.Even though the media's portrayal of single parents still focuses primarily on single moms, working single fathers now register to about 30 % of the single parents population (Gillenkirk, 2000). For most social workers, particularly the ones involved in the welfare department and civil service find it hard to fit in quality time in thei r schedules. Most of their time is consumed by long working hours. They could not avail of night shifts to take time off from work. As a result, they seldom spend worthwhile moments with their kids (Jaff, 1983).In the social work practice, fathers are branded as the â€Å"hard to reach clients. † Most lower – class single fathers are labeled this way. Their working habits or their seeming lack of interest may be to blame. These seem to augment the bad reputation of fathers as unhelpful and impassive and almost always pass the burden of responsibility to their wives. As if to add insult to injury, home visits are scheduled during the daytime and most of them are designed primarily for the mother and children, the father, in most cases is overlooked. Arranging schedules favorable to the father barely happen.If only social work practices will include single fathers in their client's list, they are most likely to respond (Jaff, 1983). Stereotyping among fathers themselves still abound the paternal role in the world of social services. In some cases, their roles are dictated by social workers. The lack of efforts to include single fathers in social work practices are taken as a non – involvement. While there is no denying of the incidents wherein fathers are out of reach, it must be noted how ever that most of this cases happen in social work programs primarily catered to single mothers.Even though equal importance are considered and expected, single fathers are seldom if not never the major clients as far as social work practices are concerned, by default or design (Jaff, 1983). The seeming exclusion of fathers in the social work practice was founded on either conceptual or organizational reasons. The irony is that most children in placement came from families with unhealthy father – child relationships. Sadly, making up for such loss never happens. While the importance of incorporating the father's role in such programs is slowly gaini ng recognition, what is ideal does not always exists in reality, though.Still, there is a decline in terms of partnership and fathers barely get the accommodation they deserve (Jaff, 1983). This kind of development is much awaited by the social work practice in general, particularly the children involved. They know too well that there is a large possibility of ignoring the father as an important client. Countless reasons contribute to this scenario. Nevertheless, fathers are not valued nor are they assisted at the very least in the field of research and social work practice. He is deemed to be the challenging rather than partner in delivering social work practices.The father’s role is of equal importance with that of the mother. If only outreach programs are incorporated, working hours is not a matter and if only cultures are respected, fathers can turn to social work practices whenever he needs a helping hand (Jaff, 1983). In the world today, the father’s role and pro blems as a client in the social work practice, commands a second glance. This is especially true now that women’s rights and roles are redefined. The father and the mother are now treated as two separate entities, thanks to the dictates of the modern world.Moreover, testing family roles is more acceptable today than ever before. Maternal as well as paternal roles are gaining it most deserved attention (Jaff, 1983). The issue of the father's rights as a partner in social work practices is one thing. It has never been so important to be reminded that efficient child welfare practices must be delivered. Both parents need to be involved as they form part of a whole. After all, the process starts with them. Biological or psychological, a parent's participation is crucial.It can make or break the whole child welfare practice no matter how noble the aim can possibly be (Jaff, 1983). A century ago, fathers left home in search for a job to sustain his family. Back then the father is t he breadwinner, a place that held a stable footing for a while. Undoubtedly, over the years, men have endured countless struggles to stay true to this assumed role in the family. Nevertheless, at the turn of yet another century, the male of the species being the sole providers remained to be the standard (Shaklee Year).However, such standard has been challenged by current changes in the family set – up for the past couple of years. An increasing number of married women are beginning to enter the employment scene. This includes mothers of young children. With this thing happening now, are fathers as breadwinners nearing extinction? (Shaklee Year). As mothers begin to enter the work force, the fathers are compelled to pay a price. Husbands of employed mothers appear to suffer mental anxiety and distress more as compared to husbands of stay – at – home moms. There are men who see themselves as a deficient provider.While women's liberation has done good things to th e female of species, it has abandoned the conventional concepts of machismo and fatherhood. In effect, it posted a challenge to the prototype of a man as a sole provider (Shaklee Year). The role of the father as a breadwinner may soon come to an end. Differing trends could be the reason for its downfall. Separating oneself from a certain role is a good recourse especially when conventional roles are at stake. Since the marrying age of men is getting high, they are most likely to father relatively few children.Moreover they would most probably file for divorce sooner or later. This trend includes children born out of wedlock, whose fathers’ participation is almost negligible. In addition, children out of wedlock who seldom receive support from them fathers are part of this trend. The amount of quality time shared by fathers and his family has gone down by 43 % from 1960 until 1980. These fathers have separated themselves from family life primarily because of the recent redefin ition of the father’s role in the family (Shaklee Year). The reverse of the process may be echoed by the second trend.This can be characterized by men’s view of their involvement in the family life as a measure of happiness. The average American father would trade job promotion for quality time (Shaklee Year). It took us how many years to be able to weigh against this reaffirmation the role of the male species in the family today to his role back when the days were young. The year was 1800’s when the strong male image came to life. The father’s role in child development and family life is vital as far as the home, being the focus of the work is concerned.However, when work leaves home, fathers become insignificant in the aspect of child development. As mothers grace the employment scene, the father’s role in the children’s lives are stressed like never before. Initially, fathers may not be comfortable to assume this role since they are not u sed with this kind of set – up. Though they may not see their fathers like themselves, they can very much resemble the role their great – grandfathers used to play at home (Shaklee Year). Today, a growing number of men are beginning to value a world beyond work and success.Things then known to be the measures of life’s worth. Now, they know that there is certainly nothing more of value than witnessing the first few gaits of their child, that sweet kiss on the cheek, the seemingly complicated art of tying a shoelace, that clip perfectly placed on her head or his boy’s first attempt to shoot that ball. These are the things can never be replaced by any amount of compensation for a job well done. Though it can never be well articulated in words, that sense of satisfaction can surely get any single father through the pains of his fate.The times when a father is able to watch a child grow and actually be there for him from the minute he begins to defy gravity u ntil such time when he can very well take care of himself are the very moments when the much needed strength may be drawn from. These are the things that can make loss and custody battles a little bit more bearable than it actually is (Gillenkirk, 2000). The very same things that remind him that after all, everything will be worth every pain endured and tear shed along the way. References Gillenkirk, J. Fathermag. com. (2000, November 4).A Revolution in American Fathering. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from http://www. fathermag. com/107/fathers/ Information Please Database. (2007). Fathers by the Numbers. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from http://www. infoplease. com/spot/dadcensus1. html. Jaff, E. D. (1983). Fathers and Child Welfare Services: The Forgotten Clients. Laurence Erlbaum Ass, 129 – 37. Shaklee, H. CCC. (Year). Fathers in America: 100 Years of Change. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from http://www. agls. uidaho. edu/ccc/CCC%20Families/Research/fathers. htm